The personal qualities required to fulfill the role of the modern ambulance paramedic

The someoneal qualities required to fulfill the voice of the modern ambulance paramedicThe role of the modern paramedic is one of a highly trained fate-c be maestro gone are the days of the stretcher-bearer (NHS careers leaflet, p10) Paramedics are set the trade union movement of providing a rapid medical checkup response to pinch postal function like avenue traffic accidents (RTAs) accidents at home or even major incidents much(prenominal) as train c roseolaes. This impart involves on-site assessment of unhurrieds and their immediate needs, as well as providing necessary treatment. For example paramedics are trained to be fitted to administer intravenous drips and oxygen, and use equipment such as a heart defibrillator on patients that need immediate help.Through their browse, paramedics are likely to encounter emotionally charged and distressing situations. There is likewise a danger element hard-boiled in the role when patients raise baffle violent towards tho se trying to help them attacks on ambulance staff from one operate grant increased 23% over the last year unaccompanied (BBC). Paramedics can thus been seen to work deep down a stressful and pressured work environment, where lives can be affected by the outcome of their actions. This can be made even more difficult by the long on the job(p) hours (a shift can be 12 hours) and shift pattern involved in the ambulance attend to. The role therefore has a large amount of responsibility, and the ambulance service has a number of qualities they look for in their applicants.The NHS careers booklet Becoming a member of the ambulance service (p8) lists that as a paramedic, the most strategic qualities acknowledge responsibility, a caring attitude, levelheaded people skills, common sense, power to prevent cool in a crisis and pedantic ability. Why the ambulance service looks for these qualities suspend for now be discussed.Intellectual ability identified by dint of academic qual ifications is required by the ambulance service. This is due to the amount of training and expert requisite care knowledge that must be gained before someone is able to qualify to work as a paramedic. Hospital and classroom establish training is given to paramedics in subjects including trauma injuries, intubation, cannulation, pharmacology, the respiratory system and in how to use specialised equipment.A paramedic is also required to leave behind a driving function so must have a clean driving license which give be enhanced through urgency driving training. The ability to learn quickly is therefore a strong point to both(prenominal)one wanting to join the service.On arriving at an emergency scene, a paramedic must be able to ascertain both what has happened, and which patients are to be given priority over others. Although other emergency services such as the fire brigade and police will also be present at many call-outs those first on the scene have to be able to quickly ass ess the situation. This is where the ability to keep a cool head and to not make rash decisions is important. Being able to stay calm despite what might be going on at the scene itself, will allow the paramedic to recall training on how to deal with different injuries, and to make tough decisions when needed about who to treat and perhaps who not to treat (when medical resources are scare a paramedic whitethorn have to go down who has the best chance of recovering and allocate assistance accordingly).Communication and people-skills are a necessity within the job. Good communication skills will allow a more accurate assessment of the situation through uncovering what has happened, how many people were involved (injured parties may not always be immediately visible for example a young child impel from the window of a car in an RTA) or whether there is any remaining danger.As mentioned earlier, assessing whether danger is present (such as whether people at the scene are armed) is important for both the well being of the patient and the ambulance crew themselves. Being able to talk to people and keep both patients and family or others on the scene calm can make the situation easier to control, and maintaining conversation with a patient can help to retrieve important information that may be needed for their treatment (allergies, name of doctor, adjoining of kin) but also to help keep people conscious which may be important for their chances of recoin truth. As many emergencies can be the lead of a crime that has taken place, the ability to preserve evidence and mobilize information given by injured parties can be very important (for example, people that die later in hospital may have given important information to others at the scene potentially including the paramedic).The ability to take control in a situation is also an important quality needed for those working in emergency care. Paramedics may often have to direct recovery efforts in a squad that may be made up of different emergency services where workers may not know each other, and where time may be of the essence. Leadership qualities are needed in order that control can be taken over a situation, to ensure that resources are allocated where needed, and that work is not being duplicated.Alongside the qualities discussed that are outlined in the careers booklet provided by the NHS, it will also be important for paramedics to be good team-players and trustworthy. These qualities are proposed as important due to the fact that paramedics may have to work within environments which are not safe. As a declaration it would be very important for the ambulance crew (usually comprising an ambulance technician and a paramedic, sometimes and emergency doctor) to trust each other and work well together within situations whereby teams may be forced to rely to a great result possibly for their own well-being, on their team member (s).In thick the ambulance service are looking for very s pecific sort of person that matches the qualities outlines above, in order to perform the very difficult and distressing work involved in the emergency services to the capacity that they do capital of the United Kingdom ambulance service alone receives 3000 emergency calls a day.

Schwann Cells and Nerve Regeneration

Schwann Cells and Nerve RegenerationYinghui Xu AbstractThe studyity of the nervous system cellular phones atomic quash 18 glial cells, which pay various properties and moves. Schwann cells argon the principal glial cells of the off-base nervous system(PNS). In normal steels, they function to form insulating myelin sheath around axons and provide support to neurons. In injured fondnesss, however, they change their properties and switch function to that of supporting spunk innovation. taste their cap mightiness in the switching process could lead to better manipulation for those suffering from kernel injuries. This essay gives an overview of the structure and breeding of Schwann cells and the causes of facial have a bun in the ovenion injuries. It as well as provides an explanation in the role that Schwann cells play in supporting establishment vicissitude and how unalike approach could press face positive feedback.Introduction to Schwann cellsSchwann cells a tomic number 18 the virtually abundant glial cells in the PNS. They atomic number 18 a respective(a) sort out of cells originated from flighty crest cells and they play an essential role in the PNS of both vertebrate and invertebrate. They can be subdivided by their morphology and anatomical reference location into four subsets, that is to say the myelinating Schwann cells, non-myelinating Schwann cells, satellite cells and perisynaptic Schwann cells (Armati Mathey, 2014).These different types of Schwann cells and their anatomical locations atomic number 18 shown in Figure 1.Figure 1 Locations of different types of Schwann cells in the PNS(Armati Mathey, 2007). (a) transmit Schwann cells in the dorsal root ganglia. (b) Non myelinating Schwann cells in mixed peripheral device nerve fibres. (c) Myelinating Schwann cells in mixed nerve fibres. (d)Perisynapic Schwann cells at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ). separately subset of Schwann cells has different functions. For exa mple, perisynaptic Schwann cells are essential for modulating NMJ function whereas satellite Schwann cells adopt the ability to regulate the neuronal environment (Armati Mathey, 2007). Non-myelinating Schwann cells associate with several axons via a private layer of myelin.Myelinating Schwann cells are the most studied Schwann cell subset and they are most known for their function in speeding up the propagation of attain potentials. Myelinating Schwann cells wrap around axons of neurons to form the insulating myelin sheath. Between the myelin sheaths are periodic gaps called nodes of Ranvier where action potentials occur. Action potentials jump from one node to the coterminous node,in a process called saltatory conduction, which increases conduction velocity and get outs signals to be propagated long distances without any(prenominal) degradation.In addition to their function in the propagation of action potentials, Schwann cells have many subtle yet essential functions, one o f which is its role in nerve regeneration. This essay will focus on the characteristics of Schwann cells and how they answer to hurt that allows the PNS to regenerate after damage.Development of Schwann cellsThe myelinating and nonmyelinating Schwann cells in the PNS are originated from the neural crest, which is a multipotent structure that also gives rise to new(prenominal) glial cells of the PNS. Schwann cell development occurs in well-defined developmental steps, which are strictly modulate by a number of signals. (Figure 1.2). During the first stage of Schwann cell development, neural crest cells produces Schwann cell precursors. These then generate the callow Schwann cells. At birth, the immature Schwann cells differentiate into either the myelinating or nonmyelinating Schwann cells.Figure 1.2 Main stages of Schwann cell development (Jessen, et al., 2015).Peripheral nerve blurPeripheral nerve disfigurement is injury to peripheral nervous thread. It can occur at any exp ress along a peripheral nerve. Nerves can be change by a number of mechanisms such as compression, traction, or a quash. They can also get damaged by toxins, infection and personal agents such as freezing and electrical current (Murray, 2014).2.1 Structure of peripheral nervesIn order to understand the pathophysiology of peripheral nerve injury, it is heavy to know the anatomical structure of a peripheral nerve (Figure 2). axon is made up of neurofilaments and microtubules that transport substances between the nerve cell consistency and the axon terminal. All peripheral nerve axons are associated with Schwann cells. In larger (myelinated) nerves, Schwann cells generate layers of myelin around the axon to form a sheath, whereas in lesseneder (unmyelinated) nerves a single Schwann cell associates with several axons via a single layer of myelin. The joining tissue (the endoneurium) that surrounds the axon-Schwann cell unit provides structural support to individual axons. Nerve fibres are further protected by a touch multipayered cellular tube (the perineurium) that surround nerve fascicles (Jessen, et al., 2015 Murray, 2014). Finally, the constitutional nerve trunks are protected by the outermost connective tissue (the epineurium) (Murray, 2014).Figure 2 Anatomical structure and main cellular components of a peripheral nerve (Jessen, et al., 2015).2.2 Pathogenesis of peripheral nerve injury disregarding of cause, there is a limited range of responses to peripheral nerve injury. Wallerian reversion. Wallerian degeneration occurs when there is a loss of axonal continuity by cut or crush. Communication is lost between the cell body and the surgical incision of nerve distal to the site of injury. As a consequence, the distal nerve segment degenerate. The details of the initiation of this degeneration remain to be in full explained, exactly evidence shows that an increase in intraaxonal calcium activates proteases, which leads to the degradation of the axon cytoskeleton.Wallerian degeneration is also associated with the degeneration of the myelin sheath by lipases and proteases. Schwan cells (and posterior macrophages) are involved in further myelin degeneration. Schwann cells also grow and undergo morphological changes and are induced to generate molecules that will be required for nerve regeneration later on.Figure 2.2 Wallerian degeneration2.3 Types of peripheral nerve injuryThere are devil main types of peripheral nerve injury (Burnett Zager, 2004). The first type is axonotmesis, in which axons are damaged further the connective tissue sheaths are preserved. This type of injury can be caused by compression, traction and laceration but it is mainly seen in crush injury (Murray, 2014). Axonal regeneration is very effective and function is restored in 3-4 hebdomad when modelled in rodents by nerve crush (Jessen, et al., 2015). The second and the more spartan type of nerve injury, neurotmesis, involves damage to both the ax on and connective tissue sheath. Severe traction, crush and laceration can lead to neurotmesis (Murray, 2014). In this case, functional convalescence is generally poor.The Schwann cell injury responseWhen nerve injury occurs, Schwann cells respond rapidly and undergoes a radical phenotypical change. The process has two major parts, one of which is the reversal of myelin differentiation. Molecules involved in forming Schwann cells before myelination are up-regulated slice myelin associated genes are down-regulated (Jessen, et al., 2015). The other part of the response involves the expression of phenotypes that are not associated with normal Schwann cells or immature Schwann cells. These cells have a better supportive phenotype and tot up to the nerve regeneration process.Schwann cells function in multiple modes during nerve regeneration. There are four main functions that Schwann cells bring out in response to nerve injury (Niu, 2009). These functions include(1) activating macr ophages and elucidation debris (2) forming the Bungner band (3) secreting neurotropic grammatical constituents (4) secreting ECM and CAM.3.1 Schwann cells put out cytokines to attract macrophagesWhen an axon is cut, the end still attached to the cell body is called the proximal segment, while the other end is called the distal segment. The process of nerve regeneration involves the defining of axonal sprouts at the proximal stump and the growing of axonal sprouts until they see the distal stump. Efficient nerve regeneration needs a satisfactory microenvironment which is regulated by macrophages via their phagocytotic and pass offing functions (Barrette, et al., 2008).Experiment by Huang et al. showed that Schwann cells can suppress macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) when peripheral nerve injury occurs (Huang, et al., 2002). MIF is a pluripotent cytokine that functions in inflammatory reactions and immune responses. It also plays an important role in macrophage act ivation, attracting macrophages to clear away debris at the injury site and regulate the microenvironment to allow for efficient regeneration.Nishio et al. administered anti-MIF polyclonal antibody into regenerating rat sciatic nerves using the silicone chamber model. The results showed that the regeneration length of the nerve in the anti-MIF antibody-treated group was importantly shorter than that in the control group at weeks 2,4,6 after surgery (Nishio, et al., 2002). In addition, a large number of apoptotic Schwann cells were observed the anti-MIF antibody-treated nerves. These results suggest that MIF also contributes to the speedup of peripheral nerve regeneration and the prevention of Schwann cell apoptosis (Nishio, et al., 2002). in like manner MIF, other cytokines such as MCP-1 were also secreted by Schwann cellsWhen peripheral nerve injury occurs, Schwann cells secrete MIF and other cytokines which activates macrophages. Invading macrophages also secrete cytokines which c ontribute to Schwann cell proliferation (Kubota Suzuki, 2000). Injury-induced Schwann cell proliferation plays an important role in axon regeneration as described in the following section. Schwann cells are also up to(p) of phagocytosing myelin and they cooperate with macrophages to clear away myelin and debris (Jessen, et al., 2015), providing a good microenvironment for nerve regeneration to occur.3.2 Schwann cells proliferate to form the Bungner band to choose axonal growthSchwann cells are highly plastic. The change has been characterised as de-differentiation (Chen, et al., 2007), but it is also seen by some groups as activation (Armstrong, et al., 2007). The two call seem to be contradictory to each other, but this can have a simple explanation, which is that the change in Schwann cell phenotypes during Wallerian degeneration in fact involves both of these processes. The conversion ofSchwann cells to meliorate Schwann cells involves both a loss- dedifferentiation and a ga in-activation of phenotypesIn the distal stump of injured nerves, denervated Schwann cells undergo a phenotypic change to form repair Schwann cells. These repair Schwann cells form Bungner bands which are regeneration tracks that provide support for injured nerves and guide regenerating axons to their targets.3.3 Schwann cells secrete neurotropic factors (NTF) to enhance nerve regenerationNTFs are peptides or grim proteins that support the growth and differentiation of neurons. The take aim of their expression is elevated in Schwann cells during nerve injury. Because of their strong function in promoting neuronal growth, they may be used to prevent the impairment of function or death of neurons during nerve injury (Niu, 2009). Most NTFs produce their effects by signalling through receptor tyrosine kinases (Malenka, et al., 2009). NTFs can be divided by their cellular mechanisms into three families, namely the neurotrophin family, the CNTF family and GDNF family (Henderson, 1996)3 .3.1 Neurotrophin familyThe neurotrophin family includes nerve growth factor (NGF), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and neurotrophin-3/4/5/6/7 (NT-3/4/5/6/7). There are two receptor types for neurotrophins. The first type is called the tropomyosin receptor kinanse (Trk) which has an high chemical attraction to different neurotrophins. TrkA is the receptor for NGF, Trk B can be the receptor for BGNF, NT-4 and NT-3, and TrkC is activated exclusively by NT-3. The other type of is called p75 neurotrophin receptor which has a low affinity and can bind with all neurotrophins (Niu, 2009)..NGF is the first discovered neurotrophin. It is deprecative for the proliferation and survival of neurons, especially after nerve injury. Schwann cells express an elevated level of NGF during nerve injury, which promotes axonal regeneration and hies the process of nerve repair (Niu, 2009). Recombinant NGF have been produced in laboratory and it is regarded as a practicable therapy for neurode generation of the CNS and PNS (Colangelo, et al., 2005).BDNF help to support the survival of existing neurons and promote the growth and differentiation of new neurons (Huang Reichardt, 2001). Schwann cells that are genetically modified to overly express BDNF significantly improve the survival of spinal gangalion neuron (Pettingil, et al., 2008). Takano et al. developed an in vitro model for retinal explants and showed that BDNF greatly promoted the regeneration of neurites from retinal ganglion cells in a damaged retina. A considerabe number of neurites were observed within 24 time of day in the group containing BDNF while only a small number of neurites were observed after 3 days in the control group (Takano, et al., 2002).Other neutrophins use different ways to accelerate nerve repair when damage occurs. Using NT-3 alone or in combination with other NTFs can promote nerve regeneration in the injured spinal cord (Taylor, et al., 2006 Arvanian, et al., 2006). Research by English et al. showed that neutotrophin-4/5 is required for the archaeozoic growth of regenerating axons in peripheral nerves (English, et al., 2005).3.3.2 Ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) familyThe CNTF family includes CNTF, leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) and interleukin-6 (IL-6). LIF and IL-6 can act directly on neurons to promote axonal regeneration (Jessen, et al., 2015). The most prominent function of the CNTF family is its prevention of ram neuron degeneration, which suggests that it can be used as a cure treatment for human degenerative repulse neuron diseases (Sendtner, et al., 1992).3.3.3 GDNF familyGDNF is a small protein that supports the survival of many types of neurons including motorneutrons. It can also prevent apoptosis of motor neurons caused by axotomy.3.4 Schwann cells produce extracellular matrix proteins (ECM) and cell adhesion molecules (CAM)The endoneurium surrounding peripheral axons contain a large amount of ECM secreted by Schwann cells. ECM is rich in co llagen and contains glycoproteins such as fibronectin and laminin (Niu, 2009). ECM regulates samara aspects of Schwann cell development including the formation and function of myelin (Court, et al., 2006). In addition, they middle Schwann cell proliferation and axon growth (Armstrong, et al., 2007 Webber Zochodne, 2010).CAMs secreted by Schwann cells are involved in peripheral nerve repair. They play an important role in axon growth and formation of nerve bundles. Study from Lavdas et al showed that Schwann cells have the ability to migrate in the CNS, promoting myelin regeneration and making it possible for remyelination in the CNS (Lavdas, et al., 2006) .Experiment from Park et al. showed that the attachment and proliferation of Schwann cells are affected by special CAMs. It is therefore important to consider choosing optimal CAMs for tissue-engineered nerve regeneration (Park, et al., 2008).SummarySchwann cells use the above four ways to function during peripheral nerve repair. Many years of research have already proved that Schwann cells can secrete a large amount of molecules to support neurons and accelerate the damage repair process. However, further research is needed to show whether AsAlthough the PNS is able to regenerate, much research still needs to done to exploit regeneration potential.

New Generation of a Mobile Primary Frequency Standard

New Generation of a Mobile uncreated Frequency metreNew generation of a lively original oftenness standard found on cold fragmentsS T Mller 1, J de Martin Jnior 1, R D Pechoneri 1, P Santa Catharina1, V S Bagnato2 and D V Magalhes1Abstract. We lose constructed a mobile primary coil absolute frequence standard victimisation intra-cavity cold cesium atoms and the first results shown the benefits of using this kind of governance compargond to cesium actinotherapy standards. Based on an expanding debauch of atoms, it has no stringent size of it limitations and one smoke imagine the incident of a quantify even more compact. In order to pile up a new system even sm eacher, we argon developing a system containing lasers, microwave source and cavity in a star box. The mobile nuclear standard based on cold atoms is an all- all-important(a)(a) contri unlession to a primary standard of high relevance, and a contingent strategic product with a broad range of application s. openingWith prodigious accuracy, nuclear alfilaria have applications in several fields of contemporary fundamental physics 1. They al woeful not only to investigate the seeable scales theories like relativity or gravitation, but withal to k outright break-dance the microscopic world, in atomic scale, thanks to quantum mechanics. Two of the main applications are navigation and telecommunication systems, and atomic references are the heart of the most innovative navigation system, satellite constellations positioning like GPS, GLONASS, and Beidou 2.Most of the high doing time standards require an extremely complex construction and operation, but the size of these systems makes them incompatible with some applications, which require a compromise between size and performance. These include space and industrial applications, such as telecommunication lines, mobile telephone net work or internet, calibration of instruments, dissemination of local time references with full qua lity, etc.The Atomic Time and frequency Standard Program under(a) development at USP So Carlos 3 has two main atomic frequency standards being developed, an atomic fountain 4 and a system based in a cold atomic denigrate in ingenuous expansion 5. Besides those experimental standards, our facility has commercial atomic clocks and a hydrogen maser.The theoretical and experimental knowledge acquired with these standards are now employed in the development of a mobile atomic frequency standard, which should take the said(prenominal) level of stability and accuracy of the experimental setups. To determine the mobility of the system, new diode laser sources, microwave synthesizer, vacuum and control systems are being re figureed.Experimental setup and temporal episodeThe aim of this fancy is the construction of a cold atoms compact frequency standard that works in an innovative way, since the steps of the period occur in the analogous place, within a microwave cavity. For the physical package we white plague a cylindrical cavity, sculpted in a stainless steel vacuum chamber and resonant in 9.2 GHz. This operation mode al deplorables us to design a much more compact system than a naturalized cold atoms clock, where the various interactions are in different parts of the instrument. Therefore, the parsimony of the clock is achieved through a sequence purely temporal. The most applicable steps can be seen in Figure 1.The temporal sequence of the compact frequency standard can be divided in four well delineate steps (see figure 1), as follows(Step 1)Trapping atoms in a magneto optical trap (MOT)In this stage is possible to capture 108 atoms using magnetic field and three counter-propagating pairs of laser beams (MOT) 6. This is important to catch up the atoms together in the same spatial region, forming a cold cloud, and to remove a huge portion of the clouds kinetic energy. In this step the atomic cloud attains very low temperatures and becomes more st able. The cycling transition is used, and repumping is done using the transition.(Step 2)Sub-Doppler Cooling and the facilityAfter the first reduction of the kinetic energy, the system passes from MOT word form to optical molasses by switching off the current supply of the magnetic field. Simultaneously, the atomic cloud is cooled even more, changing the intensity and detuning of the laser beams with acousto-optical modulators, stretchiness levels below 10 K. In order to prepare the atoms in their farming electronic state , the repumping light is switched off 5 ms onwards shutting off the modify light. During this interval, optical pumping efficiently transfers the atoms to the required backcloth state.(Step 3) The clock transition inquiryNow, the cold atoms are in a single initial state and after the total shutdown of the lasers beams, the cloud starts a free expansion. During the expansion the atoms are interrogated in a Ramsey sequence 7, resting of two coherent microw ave pulses with 1ms of duration and separated by 8ms. These pulses trip out the clock transition between the two hyperfine levels .(Step 4) The DetectionTo strike the atoms that have transitioned to the level after the two microwave pulses, the light beams primitively used as a cooling laser are turned back on for 40 ms, and the fluorescence direct is collected.Once the tintinnabulation is observed, it can be used as a frequency discriminator. The transition opportunity difference of two successive versement acts as an error signal used to control the local oscillator frequency.ResultsFigure 2 presents a veritable(prenominal) scan of the microwave frequency across the clock resonance in our device 5. Using the Ramsey fringe of Figure 2, we can scan almost the central fringe to determine the linewidth with a theoretical fitting (Figure 3), obtaining a value of 47 Hz. The contrast is better than 80% (where the contrast is defined as a difference between resonance amplitude and background).To measure the frequency stability of the system is necessary to lock the central resonance observed on figure 3 to the microwave chain (macroscopic oscillator). The microwave chain on the other hand is phase locked to the 5 megacycle output of the Hydrogen Maser. The modulation of the frequency is controlled by a computer, which also register the introduced correction to keep the research signal at its maximum.The stability observed is , as presented in Figure 4, demonstrating that this compact cold atom frequency standard can reach performances better than commercial beam clocks, which typically have short time stabilities on the range of 10-11 10-12.The advantage of cold atoms in such compact system can be easily observed if compared with commercial thermal Cs beam clocks. The massive term stability already surpasses the currently used commercial standards and the clock transition linewidth is on the order of 50 Hz for our system, meanwhile the same resolutio n can be achieved only with a thermal system that has some meters in the interrogation region (26 Hz for a 4 m long interrogation region 8).GMD1 Reducing the system legerWe actually envisage a more compact system, mounting the mechanism in a single block. This should be done keeping all the necessary processes to produce a frequency standard signal.4.1. The macroscopic oscillatorA fundamental piece of the atomic standard, it corresponds to the signal that generates the time reference. The feedback from the atoms interrogated with its signal closes the eyelet for the atomic frequency reference. It should be as small as possible, but still taking into account some parameters as temperature deviations 9, 10. To achieve dependable performance, we will use PID (Proportional-Integral-Derivative) control and peltier elements as actuators.4.2. Lasers DiodeThe use of laser diodes is fundamental in the system. They should keep a very low effective linewidth, in order to not degrade the SNR of the clock transition. In the limit of high resolution spectroscopy, the laser noise can bring in a significant parcel to the overall budget of noise contributions.4.3. prevalent Control of the SystemCareful control of all the steps of the clockwork (trap, sub-doppler cooling, interrogation and detection) is mandatory. In each cycle the microwave source is corrected, and the steps consist of well synchronized events, such as laser light frequency shifts, pulsing of the microwave signal, triggered signal detection and processing of the atomic fluorescence 11.ConclusionsWe have developed a compact system to be used as a mobile reference for frequency signals. We managed to cool 108 atoms at 10 K in a microwave cavity and after the Ramsey interrogation the detection by fluorescence is applied. The core idea is the use of cold atoms as a high performance and reliable clock source. We have been work in the reduction of volume to make an embeddable prototype, in order to maintain th e high quality characteristics necessary for the operation of such device.ReferencesJespersen J and Fitz-Randolph J 1999 From sundials to atomic clocks (Mineola Dover Publications)Ramsey N F 2002 Application of atomic clocks in Laser physics at the limits, ed Figger H. et al (Berlin Springer) p 3Ahmed M, Magalhes D V, Bebeachibuli A, Mller S T, Alves R F, Ortega T A, Weiner J and Bagnato V S 2008 The brazilian time and frequency atomic standards program An Acad Bras Cienc 80, 2Magalhes D V 2004 Construo de uma fountain atmica para utilizao como padro primrio de tempo Doctorade thesisMller S T, Magalhes D V, Alves R F and Bagnato V S 2011 Compact Frequency Standard based on an Intracavity Sample of Cold Cesium AtomsJ. Opt. Soc. Am. B 28 11 p 2592Metcalf H and Van Der Straten P 2003 Laser cooling and trapping of atoms J.Opt. Soc. Am. B 20 p 887Vanier J, Audoin C 1989 The quantum physics of atomic frequency standards v2 (Adam Hilger)Glaze D J, Hellwig H, Allan D W and S. Jarvis 1977 NB S-4 and NBS-6 The NBS primary frequency standards Metrologia 13 p 17-28L. E. Schnurr 1967 The transient thermal characteristics of quartz resonators and their relation to temperature-frequency persuade distortion 21st Annual Symposium on Frequency Control (1967)Ji Wang, Yook-Kong Yong and Tsutomu Imai 1998 High-order plate theory based finite element analysis of the frequency-temperature dealing of quartz crystal oscillators Frequency Control Symposium Proceedings of the 1998 IEEE International (1998)J. Levine 1999 Introduction to time and frequency metrology Review of scientific instruments 70, 6GMD1

Gauss Law And Its Applications Philosophy Essay

Gauss Law And Its Applications Philosophy washstandvassThe relationship between the shed light on electric mix by dint of a unsympathetic(a) rise (often called as Gaussian wax) and the upkeep enclosed by the surface is known as Gausss righteousness. Consider a positive demo charge q located at the center of a sphere of roentgen r. We know that the magnitude of the electric theatre everywhere on the surface of the sphere is E=. The champaign of view runs be directed radially outward and hence are perpendicular to the surface at every elevation on the surface. That is at from each one surface stoppage, is parallel to the vector representing a local element of subject border the surface level off. Therefore, =E and the ne devilrk magnetic mingle through the Gaussian surface is = = =.where we have moved E outside of the integral beca put on, by symmetry E is constant over the surface. The value of E is given by E=. Furthermore, because the surface is spheric al, .Hence, the net intermingle through the Gaussian surface isThis equation shows that the net flux through the spherical surface is comparative to the charge inside the surface. The flux is independent of the radius r because the area of the spherical surface is proportional to, whereas the electric field is proportional to 1/ . Therefore, in the product of area and electric field, the dependence on r quartercels. nowadays, consider several closed surfaces surrounding a charge q. Surface is spherical, but surfaces and are not. The flux that passes through has value q/. Flux is proportional to the flake of lines through the nonspherical surfaces and. Therefore, the net flux through some(prenominal) closed surface surrounding a point charge q is given q/ and is independent of the shape of that surface.Now consider a point charge located outside a closed surface of arbitrary shape. As can be seen from this construction, all electric field line entering the surface leaves the su rface at another point. The number of electric field lines entering the surface equals the number leaving the surface. Therefore, the net electric flux through a closed surface that surrounds no charge is zero. The net flux through the pulley-block is zero because there is no charge inside the cube.Lets extend these arguments to two generalized cases (1) that of m some(prenominal) point charges and (2) that of a continuous distribution of charge. We use the superposition principle, which states that the electric field due to many charges is the vector brotherhood of the electric palm produced by the individual charges. Therefore, the flux through any closed surface can be expressed as =where is the bring electric field at any point on the surface produced by the vector addition of the electric fields at that point due to the individual charges. Consider the system of charges, the surface S surrounds sole(prenominal) one charge hence the net flux through S is. The flux through S due to charges outside it is zero because each electric field line from these charges that enters S at one point leaves it at another. The surface S surrounds charges and hence the net flux through it is ( +). Finally, the net flux through surface is zero because there is no charge inside this surface. That is, all the electric field lines that enter at one point leave at another. Charge does not establish to the net flux through any of the surfaces because it is outside all the surfaces.Gausss law is a generalization of what we have just described and states that the net flux through any closed surfaces iswhere represents the electric field at any point on the surface and represents the net charge inside the surface.APPLICATIONS OF GAUSSS truth TO VARIOUS CHARGE DISTRIBUTIONSGausss law is useful for determining electric fields when the charge distribution is highly symmetric. The following examples demonstrate ways of choosing the Gaussian surface over which the surface integral given bycan be simplified and the electric field is mildewd. In choosing the surface, always retreat advantage of the symmetry of the charge distribution so that E can be removed from the integral. The goal in this type of calculation is to determine a surface for which each portion of the surface satisfies one or more of the following conditions-The value of the electric field can be argued by symmetry to be constant over the portion of the surface.The extend product incan be expressed as a simple algebraic product E dA because and are parallel.The clump product inis zero because and vector are perpendicular.The electric field is zero over the portion of the surface.Electric Field Due to a Line Charge Cylindrical SymmetryLets find the electric field due to a line charge. Consider the field due to an boundlessly long line of charge as opposed to the one of bounded length. Its clear here that its impossible to talk about a limited amount of charge stretched over an infinitel y long distance. Instead, state that the line has a constant linear charge density.Realistically, all line charges are finite. Consider the figure below which shows a view of the line charge and a point P a distance h off from it. We have to find the electric field at point P. To make up up the integral, take infinitesimally small line segments of charge in pairs so that their horizontal components cancel and the vertical (i.e. radial) components add.Figure Calculation of the electric field at the midpoint of a line charge of length l.qenclosede0rA te0rt2e0(2.0-10-6C/m3)(0.02m)2(8.85-10-12C2/(Nm2))2260N/C(2.2.3.19)

Developing a Potato Crop

Developing a Potato dressIndividual Research Paper onPotatoesDarryl WiebeGarret Sawatzky Devon PouteauProductionSeedingThe paragon timing for microbeing potatoes is late April until mid May. The average temperature highs atomic number 18 between 10 19 degrees Celsius and the average temperature lows atomic number 18 between -2 4 degrees Celsius. (Environment Canada) Cooler temperatures are great for avoiding archaeozoic sprouting and damaging of potato seed forrader and later on its in the ground.Seed number should be estimately 17 CWT (1700 lbs) per acre. The seed depth should be around 5 -6 Inches on a lower floor the surface of the top of your hill. The target seed spacing is 15 inches from seed to seed. An approximate average spacing between rows is 34 inches.Some established potato farmers will apply a fungicide, such as giant star or Emesto, during the scale downting process of the seed. This will protect open cut seed from diseases.FertilizationThe following is a Fertilizer program from dress hat brook Farms located in south central Manitoba. Other farms in Manitoba whitethorn do it a material body of ways but this is a fairly common practice among Manitoba potato growers.In fall, the year antecedent to seeding, broadcast a potash blend of 0-0-60 at a value of 300 lbs/ac. Work it into the soil using a coulter disc, or other implement, to avoid nutrient loss during the freeze thaw seasons.During pose a liquid blend of 10-34-0, 15-0-0-20 and 28-0-0 is utilise in furrow at a rate between 8 20 U.S. gal/ac, depending on the field nutrient requirement.28-0-0 is banded during row crop cultivation/hilling at 18 U.S. gal/acUsing a technique called Fertigation 28-0-0 is applied twice is applied twice in July at a rate of 20 U.S. gal/ac. This is done by mixing 28-0-0 with the water show and spreading it on the crops using the irrigation pivots.All these techniques add up to a total nutrient application of 180-80-200-26.Crop ProtectionTo prote ct against early disease, Quadris is applied in furrow while planting at an approximate rate of 0.2 L/ac. Just Prior to emergence, Glyphosate is broadcast at a rate of 0.7 L/ac to start weeds to give a competitive edge to the near sprouting potatoes. One week after potato emergence Centurion is applied at 0.75 L/ac to kill grassy weeds. A week after the Centurion a mix of Prism, at 24 g/ac, and Sencor, at 150 ml/ac, is applied more than weed protection. Starting at the end of July a fungicide wish Dithane or Pencozeb is applied every 7 days until garner at a rate of 0.9 kg/ac.HarvestThe Optimal time for harvest is from mid to late September. The ideal size of potato, for food production, is from 4 16 oz. An approximate yield goal is around 350 CWT/ac or 35000 lbs/ac. Depending on selling contracts or storage availability some farms may haul potatoes directly to the production plant from the field. (Wiebe, 2016)MarketingEnd function/MarketThe end marketplace is for food. Chips , wedges, French fries, mashed or baked, there are plenty of different ways to prepare a potato. The Russet Burbank variety is the preferred potato for McCain food products as well as McDonalds french fries. Potatoes make up 52% of all fresh vegetables consumed in Canada (www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca) legal injury Trends Supply and DemandThe average price per CWT in the work few years has stayed around $11.00. The estimated price per CWT for the next growing season is approximately $11.10. (Roy Arnott MAFRID Farm Management, 2016)The global potato production has grownup steadily from 267 million metric unit tons in 1990 to 385.07 million metric tons in 2014. China, Russia, India, the United States and Ukraine are the largest producers of potatoes. China and India are rising as the clear world leaders. During 2015, export sales of potatoes and potato products were 12 billion USD. The Netherlands, France, Germany, China, Egypt, U.S.A., Canada, Belgium, United Kingdom and Spa in were the top ten exporting countries accountancy for 77.2% of potato exports in 2015. (www.fao.org)The global trend in potato utilisation is increasing, mostly in Asia and South America. However, the huge collect for potatoes comes from the United States and Belgium for affect purposes. (Statistics Canada)The increased demand for processed potato products will drive the demand for potatoes and will also affect potato prices in the future. During 2016-2021, the fastest market growth is expected to be in the Middle due east, Brazil and East Asia. (Mordor Intelligence)References (n.d.). Retrieved from www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/potato/(n.d.). Retrieved from www.fao.org www.fao.org/potato-2008/en/world/Environment Canada. (n.d.). Retrieved from www.currentresults.com https//www.currentresults.com/ tolerate/canada/manitoba/temperature-may.phpMordor Intelligence. (n.d.). Retrieved from www.mordorintelligence.com www.mordorintelligence. com/industry-reports/potato-marketRoy Arnott MAFRID Farm Management. (2016). Guidelines for Estimating Potato Production Costs. Manitoba Agriculture .Statistics Canada. (n.d.). Retrieved from www.livingin-canada.com www.livingin-canda.com/food-prices-canada.htmlWiebe, S. (2016). Potato Production. Beaver Creek Farms ltd., Macgregor.

Market Failures and the White River National Forest :: Economics Environment Research

Market Failures and the White River matter ForestThe two and one disembowel acre White River National Forest is located in the heart of the carbon monoxide gas Rocky Mountains, approximately two to four hours west of Denver on I-70. The scenic beauty of the area, along with ample developed and undeveloped deflexion opportunities in the forest, accounts for the fact that the White River consistently ranks as one of the hook Forests nation wide for total recreation use. The Forest provides for an excellent change of recreation opportunities in all seasons with eleven ski areas, eight designated wildernesses, some(prenominal) national trails, approximately 70 forest service administered developed sites (campgrounds, cracking grounds), and over one and one half million acres for common motorized and non-motorized backcountry delectation. Popular recreation activities in the Forest include descending(prenominal) and cross-country skiing, developed and dispersed camping, four-wh eel driving, sightseeing, photography, hunting, fishing, hiking, boating, snowmobiling, picnicking, bicycling, horseback riding and backpacking. The elevated railway of the Forest ranges from 5,000 to 14,000 feet. Warm days and cool to freezing nights can be expected in the mountains during the summer. July and August are usually the warmest months, and afternoon thunderstorms are common. Fall in the Forest is brief but spectacular, as changing aspens cloak the mountains in gold. Peak color time is normally the pull round part of September. Crisp, sunny days mingle with early snowstorms in what many an(prenominal) consider the premier season of the year. Winter brings the abundant powder blow that Colorado is famous for. Most winter recreation, including skiing and snowmobiling, occurs between approval and Easter, but high elevation sites offer good snow such(prenominal) later into the spring. The park itself is obviously a source of great enjoyment to all and offers a plethor a of opportunities for recreation. Unfortunately though, the park, as well as the surrounding environment, has become the victim of an increased population in the area, a growth in the number of annual tourists to the region, and an economic expansion which has apply natural resources found within the park boundaries for the purpose of producing goods and services. Because White River National Forest is a national treasure, measures have been introduced to protect the environment in accordance with pollution limits, resource consumption, and economic efficiency. In the past a few(prenominal) decades, forestry officials have implemented strategic plans for the preservation of the wilderness and resources with White River and update those plans every fifteen years or so.