Resistance to British Nationalism

Since the French Revolution, the idea of self-determination has spread all around the world, unifying peoples inside nations, starting new revolutions, erasing empires, freeing colonies and scaring modern states. There are few models explaining the emergence of nationalism and the definitions of this phenomenon vary from an author to another. Anthony D. Smith says it is an ideological movement aiming at reaching self-determination and independence in the name of a nation. He also says that humanity is naturally divided into nations. But this concept is rather revealing the nationalist way of thinking because a quick look in the past is enough to show that the independence process is not instinctive. Many writers like Boyd Shafer and Louis Snyder have studied the subject since World War I in order to explain the subject but – as says Arthur Waldron – enclosing nationalism in a theory has proved to be a difficult task. An historical case of the nationalism problem is the nationalist movement in India. Indians celebrated 50 years of independence from British rule in August 1997. The end of the empire in India was a massive blow to British imperialism. This term paper first studies the steps of the western intrusion into India and then tries to describe how the Indian nationalism was born. When the European community began to expand in India, a new way of life entered cities. It was copied by the indigenous people who were seduced by western techniques. Occidental education was the main vector of acculturation since young Indians were very receptive to the European message. So the new Indian generation quickly became nationalist, socialist, and democrat. Masters like Cavour or Mazzini were the new heroes for the young students. That is why the British government prohibited the study of British History of the XIXth century in Indian schools. But it was already too late. The process could not be stopped at that stage. Indians had acquired a better knowledge of European culture and it was not received without critique. European authors who were keen on criticizing Europe – Tolstoi, for example – influenced India. So it seems that the introduction of western ideas and their critiques contributed to the emergence of nationalism. The initiation of the indigenous elite to Western History would have founded their quest for independence, following a nationalist scheme transmitted by occidental education. A complex of inferiority began to spread among Indians, mostly because of the British racist attitude. Europeans were neglecting the Indian society. From the 1830s, racist movements began to make British people feel superior. They considered Indians as physically and morally challenged. This inferiority was attested by the failure of traditional revolts like the Mutiny in 1857. Tara Chand1 says that Indians were impressed by the evident superiority of their colons in war, in administration, and in industry. Indians wanted their country to rank among the big nations, politically and industrially. From the 1870s, they became aware of their prestigious past and politicians began to use that argument in their speeches. Those same politicians also used religious festivities to spread their nationalist message. The educated elite could do better than the Congress by using the religious field. Political activities could then enter the smallest village thanks to religion. This tactic allowed leaders to unify a rising population. Mother India was born. 1Chand, Tara. History of the Freedom Movement in India. a. The East India Company and the Conquest of India The intentions of the merchants who formed the East India Company and those of Queen Elizabeth I were rarely matched by the outcome. The venture failed to achieve its stated objectives — it made little impression on the Dutch control of the spice trade and could not establish a lasting outpost in the East Indies in the early years — and yet succeeded beyond measure in establishing military dominance and a political empire for Britain in India. By the middle of the seventeenth century the East India Company could be found trading alongside Indian merchants in the East, and the Company shipped goods as diverse as cloth from southern India to Sumatra, and coffee from Arabia to India. Profits thus generated were ploughed back into buying the spices required back home. Gradually the Company built up its power base in India, opening up trading posts in Madras and Calcutta, and thwarted French attempts to emulate it there. From these secure foundations it was able to seek out new markets and sources for trading products. As European interest in the East Indies increased, so the Company modified native designs and products to suit Western tastes — the growth of the Kashmir shawl industry, and the development of the design that has become known as Paisley being one such example. The process of territorial expansion that started with the annexation of Bengal, the â€Å"private trade† which enabled merchant's in the Company's service to make fortunes on the side, coupled with a high level of corruption, meant that more and more men sought their fortunes in India. The early lifestyle of the merchant adventurer in the Company's trading posts gave way to a more conventional society, with its clubs, churches and social functions. The accoutrements of civilized life had to be imported from England, and many were adapted to suit the new circumstances. Wicker picnic hampers and tonic water all evolved from the needs imposed by the harsh Indian climate. Hugely wealthy men returning from Company service to England attracted much envy as they bought up country houses and seats in Parliament, and many of these â€Å"nabobs† kept the habits they had learnt in India. By the early nineteenth century the East India Company's writ extended across most of India. In 1773 the British government took over some responsibility for ruling British India. The â€Å"Regulating Act† set up a governor-general and council nominated partly by the East India Company and partly by the government. It was an act for establishing certain regulations for the better management of the affairs of the East India Company, as well in India as in Europe. Here is the beginning of it1: Whereas the several powers and authorities granted by charters to the united company of merchants in England trading to the East Indies have been found, by experience, not to have sufficient force and efficacy to prevent various abuses which have prevailed in the government and administration of the affairs of the said united company, as well at home as in India, to the manifest injury of the public credit, and of the commercial interests of the said company; and it is therefore become highly expedient that certain further regulations, better adapted to their present circumstances and condition, should be provided and established: †¦ †¦ And, for the better management of the said united company's affairs in India, be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid, That, for the government of the presidency of Fort William in Bengal, there shall be appointed a governor-general, and four counselors; and that the whole civil and military government of the said presidency, and also the ordering, management and government of all the territorial acquisitions and revenues in the kingdoms of Bengal, Bahar, and Orissa, shall, during such time as the territorial acquisitions and revenues shall remain in the possession of the said united company, be, and are hereby vested in the said governor-general and council of the said presidency of Fort William in Bengal, in like manner, to all intents and purposes whatsoever; as the same now are, or at any time heretofore might have been exercised by the president and council, or select committee, in the said kingdoms. c. Clash of Cultures and the Reasons of the Conflict There are three reasons for the Indian conflict: – the religious conflict between Hindus and Muslims – the social conflict about the Untouchables – the colonial conflict about the status of India In the three conflicts, the main actor was Gandhi himself. In the first conflict, the fighting adversaries were the Hindus and the Muslims; in the second one, the adversaries were the Untouchables and Gandhi – who were fighting for their cause –, and the tradition defenders; in the last one, the adversaries were India and the British government. So, Gandhi was the link between Indians and the government. Note that the first conflict was existing before Gandhi even intervened. 1 Internet Modern History Sourcebook In 1857 the British faced a dangerous rebellion, commonly called the Indian Mutiny, a polemical name implying that it was the revolt of undisciplined soldiers. Actually it was a revolt of the Indian army, led by their officers, known as sepoys. Many Indians outside the army had been restless for decades. Rulers had been conquered and dethroned. Landowners had lost their property and been replaced by ones more friendly to the British. Religious sentiments were inflamed. The British regarded Indian beliefs as repulsive: they had outlawed the suttee, or widow burning, and suppressed the Thugs, a small sect of Holy Assassins. One officer even declared that the British were going to abolish the castes. Mysterious propaganda also circulated all over India. It infiltrated the sepoys, who announced to Muslim soldiers that certain newly issued cartridges were greased with the fat of pigs, and said to the Hindus that the same cartridges were greased with the fat of the cow. Since for the Hindus the cow was sacred, and for Muslims, to touch pork was unholy, many soldiers were outraged. The sepoys mutinied in the Ganges valley, and with them the long dormant Mogul and his court, joined in to rise against the British. India's population was rich with diverse ethnic and cultural groups. Ethnic groups were those based on a sense of common ancestry, while cultural groups could be either made up of people of different ethnic origins who shared a common language, or of ethnic groups with some customs and beliefs in common, such as castes of a particular locality. The diverse ethnic and cultural origins of the people of India were shared by the other peoples of the Indian subcontinent, including the inhabitants of Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal, Bhutan, and Sri Lanka. The caste system was pervasive in India. Although it was entwined in Hindu beliefs, it encompassed non-Hindus as well. A caste was a social class to which a person belonged at birth and which was ranked against other castes, typically on a continuum of perceived purity and pollution. People generally married within their own caste. In rural areas, caste could also govern where people lived or what occupations they engaged in. The particular features of the caste system varied considerably from community to community and across regions. The life of Indians was centered in the family. Extended families often lived together, with two or more adult generations, or brothers, sharing a house. Cultural cliches and segregation seemed to be the source of nationalism in India. According to Dov Ronen,1 every human being is looking forward to self-determination. And when this quest is altered, groups crystallize to eliminate the obstacle. The aggression coming from outside provokes the creation of a certain group conscience. According to the same Ronen, there must be an intelligentsia as well as a proletariat to form an effective nationalist movement. In India, the development of the proletariat was late and modest. Nevertheless, the western penetration made new social categories emerge, like the intelligentsia. The Indian National Congress was created by a group of English-speaking urban intellectuals in 1885 to lead the struggle for India's independence. The original â€Å"moderate† leadership was soon more â€Å"militant† group, led by Bal GangadharTilak, which demanded self-rule for India. The Congress originally advocated limited democratic reforms. In 1920 it adopted the strategy of nonviolent resistance devised by Mohandas K. Gandhi. By 1929 the Congress, led by Jawaharlal Nehru, was demanding total independence. After India gained independence in 1947, the Congress controlled the central government and most of the Indian state governments for 20 years. 2. Gandhi and his fight for freedom in India When Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi came back from South Africa in 1914, he began supporting Britain in World War One. During this period, he was not involved in much politics, but rather stayed on the sidelines, so to speak, occasionally helping to recruit men. 1 Ronen, Dov. The Quest for Self-Determination. 1979 For many years, Gandhi had been friendly with Britain, but he became extremely upset at the passing of the Rowlatt Bills, which were bills that stated that those suspected of sedition could be imprisoned without trial. He immediately called a Satyagraha (â€Å"firmness in truth†, civil disobedience) struggle against Great Britain. Gandhi had meant for the citizens to use ahimsa (non-injury) methods of protesting, but they protested violently in some areas, leading to the killing of 400 Indians. By 1920, Gandhi was extremely influential among Indians. He quickly reformed the old Indian National Congress into a newer, more serious organization. He called a huge boycott of British goods and services, including schools and the like. With a leader like Gandhi, the Indian people were no longer afraid of their foreign rulers and began protesting. When police arrived, they lined up to be arrested, hoping to clog the system and stop the British. Thousands were arrested and the movement was mostly a success, but a few violent outbreaks like in the previous protest caused the INC and their president – Gandhi – to call the protest off and admit it a mistake. Gandhi himself was arrested shortly afterward in 1922 and sentenced to six years, but he was released four years early due to appendicitis. However, even this short sentence took its toll. The INC had split into two parts and the strong bond that had grown between the Hindus and Muslims when they protested together had dissolved as well. Small struggles still took place in villages, prompting Gandhi to fast for three weeks, which brought about peace effectively. Perhaps his most amazing feat was the Satyagraha against the salt tax in 1930. Instead of buying salt from the British, Gandhi and several thousand other Indians marched to the Arabian Sea and made their own salt by evaporating seawater. As a result, over 60,000 people were jailed. A year later, Gandhi met with Lord Irwin and the two agreed to allow Gandhi to act as a representative at conferences in London, but the conferences failed to help them, and upon Gandhi's return to India, he and the other leaders of the INC were jailed. While in jail, they found out that the new constitution would discriminate against the â€Å"untouchable† caste by placing them in a different electorate. Gandhi immediately started fasting for change. The government knew they had to change this portion of the constitution quickly, for if Gandhi were to die, revolution would be imminent. Gandhi resigned as president of the INC in 1934 and left the organization entirely to pursue a plan to educate â€Å"From the bottom up†, starting with the rural areas of India, which accounted for 85%1 of the population. He encouraged the peasants to spin and weave to supplement their meager incomes. He himself eventually moved to Sevagram and centered his program there. When World War Two started, the INC supported Britain on the condition that they withdraw completely from India. Gandhi demanded their withdrawal as well. The British simply jailed all of them. When the end of the war came, India became independent shortly afterward, in 1947, but it split as it became independent, forming Pakistan. Gandhi was upset that Indian freedom did not come with Indian unity, but nonetheless plunged himself into helping repair the riot ravaged areas and fasting for peace in those places where the fighting continued over religion. In that way, he performed two great feats by stopping the riots in Calcutta in September of 1947 as well as causing a truce in Delhi in January of 1948. Alas, he was not able to celebrate freedom for long, as he was shot to death on January 30, 1948, on his way to the evening prayer. Yet he died with freedom, peace, and love within his heart. The Muslim League was a Muslim political organization founded in India in 1906. Its original purpose was to protect the political rights of Muslims in India and to prevent Hindu political control of the entire Indian subcontinent once independence from the British was achieved. For several decades the group advocated Hindu and Muslim unity within India. Under league president Muhammad Ali Jinnah, however, it came to demand a separate Muslim state from the British out of concern that an independent India would be dominated by Hindus. During World War II, the Muslim League gave support to the British and in return the British allowed the league to gain strength. In 1947 the league succeeded in having the Muslim state of Pakistan separated from Hindu-dominated India. Renamed the All-Pakistan Muslim League, it became the majority political party in the first parliament of the newly created nation. Although the league has remained a political force in Pakistan, internal dissension and major losses in the 1954 elections, particularly in East Pakistan (now Bangladesh), caused the party to fragment into several factions. 1Fischer, Louis. La vie du Mahatma Gandhi. Paris: Calmann-Levy, 1954. On June 3, 1947, the British Government announced the division of India. Though Gandhi had not given his consent to it, he advised the country to accept it. On August 15, 1947, the struggle for independence was over. The British rule in India came to an end after nearly 200 years, and two sovereign states, India and Pakistan appeared on the map. Nehru became the first Prime Minister of India and Sardar Patel the Deputy Prime Minister. The whole country celebrated the day. There were singing and dancing processions and parades everywhere. Free India's tricolor flag fluttered proudly on the historical Red Fort in Delhi and the National Anthem was sung in chorus. In the story of early resistance to British imperialism since the very beginning of the conflict, Gandhi has played a main role everywhere. His nonviolent philosophy was a key element in the story. That this why a study on this topic had to look at the relation Gandhi had with the masses and with the British. This relation is extremely dramatic if we want to understand how the beliefs of one man succeeded in convincing an entire people. To achieve goals as big as the struggle for independence and the peace between Hindus and Muslims, the action of one man was not enough; he had to rally the men looking forward to the same objectives. The study of British imperialism in India helps to understand some current topics like Kosovo, Eire, Algeria, and Pakistan, even if in the story of India it may be the word â€Å"imperialism† that is most relevant.

Poured Fire Analysis Essay

In the novel They Poured Fire on Us From the Sky, by Benson Deng, Alephonsion Deng, and Benjamin Ajak; Benson communicates a strong will to survive by using the device description. In the middle of the chapter â€Å"The Skulls Tree†, Benson describes the difficult experience he faced in the desert of Ajakageer. On his journey to Ethiopia, traveling through the desert of Ajakageer was the most dangerous part of his journey. Many of the thousands traveling to the camp in Ethiopia were ill and needed help. There was nothing they could, the only option they had was keep moving forward. Benson states, â€Å"At night, I was desperate for to have a good sleep and gain strength for the walking but I couldn’t because it was cold in the desert.† (78) This helps the reader understand the pain and misery of a Sudanese child that experienced this crucial journey. In the beginning of the chapter â€Å"The Gilo†, Benson describes what they had to do when the EPLA took over the camp. In the summer of 1991 the Ethiopian government was overthrown by some guerrilla fighters. The war once again reached them. They had to face the same problems they had. To survive, they must leave. Benson states, â€Å"The Sudan war had grown worse and spread farther. I longed to go home, but not like this-not running again, not back into battles. My beautiful homeland wasn’t a home in wartime. But to avoid conflict we agreed to leave their land and our lovely crops behind us.† This demonstrates that they were in serious danger. No matter where they went more problems caught up to them. They were lucky to get help. In order for them to survive they had to get rid and abandon there hope.

Impact of Quality Preschool Programs on Closing the Racial Achievement Research Paper

Impact of Quality Preschool Programs on Closing the Racial Achievement Gap - Research Paper Example This essay stresses that the impact of racial discrimination was significant on the society in the past but fortunately, today such acts are almost eliminated from the society. Meanwhile, another major problem faced by many nations is the situation of racial achievement gap where there exists social and academic gap between the children’s performance based on the color and their origin. In many circumstances, it has been seen that performances of color children lack behind in terms of academic and other subject matters when compared to white children. Such situation has resulted in racial inequality and stagnant growth of the nation. Thus, in order to overcome or narrow the prevailing racial achievement gap, quality preschool programs have been introduced with an aim of closing the racial achievement gap. This paper makes a conclusion that racial achievement gap is the phenomenon whereby there exists a major inequality of educational success between the color, low-income and minority groups of children when compared to white, high-income and non-minority children. Minimizing the persistent racial achievement gap among the white and the color students can be regarded as one of the toughest challenges to the governmental and parental efforts towards imparting quality education to their children. Usually, African American students’ score lower when compared to European American students in matters relating to writing, reading, mathematical tests and other intelligence test. Notably, this gap rises before the children are enrolled in school which continues to have its impact even in their adulthood. Contextually, in recent years, closing the racial achievement gap between the white and the color students has attracted considerable concentration of the federal and state government. As a result, a number of federal and state policies have been formulated to reduce the racial achievement gap persisting within the nation. Schools in America have been struggling for years to close the racial achievement gap among the white and Hispanic students (Wisconsin Council on Children and Families, 2004). However, the gap has been lessened since 1970, still the American color children fail to score the competitive percent almost in the entire standardized test. Conceptually, the statement does not intent to imply that all color students’ performances are below than the white pupils. However, there exists a lot of gap between these two groups (Wisconsin Council on Children and Families, 2004). Nonetheless, closing the racial achievement gap between color and white students in the USA would probably require more efforts to narrow racial disparity and further to promote racial equality among the people of the USA. Eliminating the racial achievement gap would require eff orts from both color and white people or the families that may probably consume in excess of one generation to achieve the desired outcomes. Components of Quality Preschool Programs The disparities in academic performances are highly correlated to socioeconomic, racial

Impressionist and Expressionist Music Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Impressionist and Expressionist Music - Essay Example Music, like any other arts, had its share of changes as the generations of artists changed their tastes and styles. In the 20th century, the impressionists and expressionists arose. Impressionism in paintings, based from the name, created an impression that called for the mood and setting that the paintings depicted. Similarly, impressionist music had similar characteristics although one of the pioneers, Claude Debussy disliked the term used. His aim then was to make something different from what seemed to be an overuse of the romantic approach to music. However, no matter how the great Debussy argued about the term used for his music, there was not much he could have done but to continue to create the sound that he wanted to let people listen to (Ajero). It was such a great success, obtaining the goal of the composer that is, creating a new kind of music and has influenced other musicians from that time on. Impressionist music uses alternating slow and fast sounds that creates an im pression of action and emotions. The slow music evokes emotions such as love, sadness, happiness, despondency or a reflective mood. On the other hand, the fast movement of the sounds in an impressionistic music suggests activity like dancing, or perhaps jumping for joy. This is probably the reason why the music is called impressionist, because it does leave an impression of what must be the composer’s imagination when the music was being created.... The sound is never loud when the movement goes slow and vice versa. This shows that in impressionist music, the volume and speed complement each other. The impressionist music also has a smooth flow in changing its speed and volume, making the transition beautiful to listen to (modernexample). Moreover, the changes in the volume of sound in the music create an impression of moving far or near to the listener. For example, when the sound is amplified, it gives a feeling of being very near the source of the sound but when the sound softens, the sound seems to be coming from a distance. The pitches created in the impressionist music are similarly varied with similar effects as the motion and volume of the sound. The overall impact of these sound qualities is the creation of a beautiful composition that stirs different emotions in just one piece of music (modernexample). The expressionist music on the other hand is not as beautiful to listen to. This is perhaps because the music was deli berately created to express feelings that were often suppressed. The high pitch in this kind of music is similar to how the fear of a woman or a child is expressed through a high sounding scream. It evokes a chilling feeling that listeners might not like to listen to for entertainment purposes. The sounds are similar to those often played during Halloween and in horror movies. Often, a note is played for a short period in between silence. This makes the music seem chopped or fragmented. At one point, the musician seems to be very careful in his movements that the sound is soft and slow. This expresses the fear the character in the music is feeling. For this reason, most of the sounds made in the expressionist music are low and slow. At another, the

Human resource management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Human resource management - Essay Example The Humphrey Group not only would not be irresponsible bringing an HR representative into their corporate responsibility and bonus scandal meeting, they would in fact be irresponsible not to. In fact, it seems to be absurd to say that the solution is anything but a human resources issue. Human resources determine how wages and bonuses are controlled, given and filed; they control the hiring, firing and promotion of employees. Bonus scandals and compensation ethics begin at human resources giving bad offers to bad people after not weeding out the dishonest and end with paying those bonuses to those bad people. When a corporation makes a bad decision, one always has to ask, â€Å"Why were there bad apples in that barrel?† Picking the apples and replacing the rotten ones is the job of HR. Further, given that most companies do not end up violating the law in such an egregious manner, it's clear that illegality is the province only of a few corporate cultures and therefore a few pe ople. How is this anything but an HR problem? Well, superficially, the paying of bonuses and the detection of fraud thereof do fall under the purview of accounts payable, auditing, accounting and payroll, which are relevant non-HR departments. More importantly, it is true, although misleadingly so and far less crucially so than many think, that a company is more than the sum of its parts. Ultimately, a corporation is just twenty or a hundred or a thousand people, but there are three factors that make it more than just an aggregation of those people in a random setting such as a park: 1. Past organisational culture, especially for long-lasting companies 2. Institutional roles changing people's behavior (Zimbardo, 2006) 3. Shared goals and objectives created by legal responsibilities; bureaucratic and institutional coordination A company like General Electric or even Microsoft has had far more people in it throughout its history than it does now. People are fired, replaced, quit, demo ted, hired, promoted, forced into resignation, and retire. Every person who works at a company makes a mark on its institutional culture, which means that looking at a corporation at any given moment is misleading because the institutional culture goes farther back in the past. But at the same time, it is people who choose to ignore, defy or abide by that institutional culture. Aside from that, it is clear that people in certain bad circumstances don't do those things out of them being sheer evil. The torturers at Abu Ghraib were not torturing people for fun back in the States; corporate leaders and hucksters like Ken Lay and Madoff do not mug old ladies. People in an institutional setting, as Zimbardo discovered in his famous Stanford prison experiment, begin to adopt the behavior of their roles (Zimbardo, 2006). Even if it is a pretend prison, the pretend prisoners, pretend guards and pretend warden (who are students and a psychology professor in their day-to-day lives) act like p risoners, guards and wardens for real. The Zimbardo experiment had normal, well-adjusted students of a variety of backgrounds, yet all of them began to fall into their roles startlingly quickly. Yet, again, human resources can

Homework Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Homework - Assignment Example However, not always can a woman be fortunate enough to integrate her hobby into her profession. in a vast majority of cases, families with dual working partners put a lot of burden upon the woman. This is because of the fact that a woman’s real job is thought to be managing household, and her contribution in the labor market is not acknowledged. Instead, she is expected to do it in addition to, if she can manage, her fundamental job at home. Thus, if a woman’s marital life gets disturbed and the husband is not ready to compromise, she should rather specialize in household because this is what societal norms require of her. Why have women been so eager to increase their participation in the labor market, and why have men been so reluctant to increase their participation in housework? Women have always been underestimated by men that happen to be the stronger gender on physical grounds. There is no doubt in the fact that nature has vested delicacy in women as opposed to s trength in men, though the lack of physical comparison has been misinterpreted by many men who also do not consider women brainy enough to compete with them in the labor market. On the other hand, lack of physical strength equal to men has inculcated a desire in women to prove that things are different on other scales of comparison.

Evil in St.Augustine's Confessions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Evil in St.Augustine's Confessions - Essay Example From this paper it is clear that  the presence of good and evil in the world is obvious, but what are the relations between them? Many experts emphasize the conflict between good and evil. The main statement of St. Augustine is that evil is simply the absence of good. This presumption has a long history. It is a well known fact that St. Augustine was initially a Manichean and became Christian only after he realized the drawbacks of Persian Dualism religion-   Manichaeism. The main idea of this religion lies in the belief in two gods, who represent good and evil. In this religion we can see the struggle between the light and darkness. St. Augustine scrutinized Christianity and rejected Manichaeism. He claimed that in this world there could be only one god, a good one. God and the world that he created are the main aspects of the philosophy of Augustine and the relations between them deserve special attention.  This study stresses that  Augustine argued that the world is the cr eation of God, God does not depend on the world and the world is fully dependent on God. Creating human soul, God initially incorporated in it the striving for happiness as the main goal in a man’s life. That is why a man must use all the abilities of his soul to achieve the happiness. Happiness itself consists in the maximum cognition of God and in this case the human reason becomes the main basis for belief. That is why belief is the foundation and the initial point for cognition.... That is why belief is the foundation and the initial point for cognition. Cognition without the belief is sinful. The supreme form of cognition is divine inspiration given by God to humans, who have strong belief. This God’s wisdom can’t be understood by human reason. God gives inspiration to humans only by his own will. Striving for happiness, a man cognizes good and evil. God represents the good, but the question is what evil comes from as God can’t be the creator of evil. This problem was solved by Augustine: all the evil comes from the material nature. All the evil is a product of material body of humans. The first knowledge of Adam and Eve was the product of their cognition, of their material nature and this was a reason of their Fall. Humans were punished for making a fetish of their materiality, their body and after The Fall of the first people their offspring were doomed to death. â€Å"For other than this, that which really is I knew not; and was, as it were through sharpness of wit, persuaded to assent to foolish deceivers, when they asked me, â€Å"whence is evil?† â€Å"is God bounded by a bodily shape, and has hairs and nails?† â€Å"are they to be esteemed righteous who had many wives at once, and did kill men, and sacrifice living creatures?† (Book II) However, the substance itself and human’s body were created by God and consequently, they could not be the source of evil. Augustine comes to the conclusion that evil does not exist at all. Evil is weakened and corrupted good. Here the philosophy of St. Augustine is based on Platon’s theory about the ideas, which are present in material bodies, but can be corrupted by the

Corporate governance in Islamic banks Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Corporate governance in Islamic banks - Essay Example In order to understand the value of this study it would be necessary to refer to the content of corporate governance. Various definition have been given for corporate governance. An indicative one is that of Pedersen who noted that ‘corporate governance - the mechanisms by which companies are controlled and directed - is a complex subject that consists of owner-manager relations, stakeholder relations, board structures and practices, management compensation, capital structure, company law, and other variables’; from another point of view corporate governance is characterized ‘as the top management process that manages and mediates value creation for, and value transference among, various corporate claimants in a context that ensures accountability to these claimants’; in the same context, corporate governance is described as a tool for enhancing the control of stakeholder on a specific organization. It is clear from the above that corporate governance is usu ally developed in accordance with the interests and the perceptions of a firm’s leading team – usually the firm’s board; however, there are specific rules that needs to be applied. OECD presents the legal framework in which a firm’s corporate governance has to be developed. In the context of these rules it is stated that ‘all shareholders should be treated equally’. In the case of banks, the development of corporate governance practices may be differentiated compared to the organizations in other industrial sectors; the high risk involve in banking activities would be the major criterion for the rules including in the corporate governance scheme developed by firms in the banking industry.

MArketting Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

MArketting - Assignment Example This reflects the success of the company in various countries (Jumeirah International, 2013). The company has mainly eyed tourist attractions and travel destinations for the placement of its properties and this have hugely contributed towards the instant popularity of the group in that particular area. The architectural finesse of the group is appreciated the world over and these hotels and resorts are the sought after destinations for sight-seeing purposes too. As a part of its expansion plan, the Jumeirah group is viewing the feasibility of setting up its foot in India, also a country in Asia with huge population and growing economy. The hospitality sector is estimated to generate revenue of $ 30 billion by 2015 (ICRA Limited, 2011). This paper aims to undertake environmental analysis that would help the parent company in arriving at a positive decision towards establishing their business in India. In order to evaluate the macro-environment of the country with regard to the hotel industry, a PEST analysis is conducted. The sector is explored to assess the political, economic, social and technological factors that impact the business. The hospitality industry hugely contributes towards the economy by the way of taxes and tariffs, as per the luxury and services that they provide. Thus, decisions pertinent to hotel industry are definitely under the scrutiny of the government and its intervention into the operations in the sector is inevitable. Incentives and tax concessions are given to aspirant hoteliers serving foreign tourists and generating income in foreign currencies. The government also allows tax concessions for hotels in hilly areas and remote places and these concessions helped the industry wade through the economic crises. However, the terrorist attacks in Taj hotel at Mumbai has affected the sector, as the tourists do not feel enough secure in these lodging set

658 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

658 - Essay Example e main reason why there is a difficulty in the United States educational reform is because the reforms have failed in changing the conditions of learning and teaching for the teachers and students (Elmore, 2004). He adds that the failure has been caused by lack of establishment of accountability frameworks, lack of support for teachers in analyzing their practices and lack of continuous learning across and within schools. The chapter is relevant to the district roles in supporting and leading reforms in the system-wide education. Elmore mentions several times that most education reforms fail to get their teaching instructional core. He demonstrates that the legislation of â€Å"No Child Left Behind† brings more pressure on reform, but does not bring focus that would be essential for classroom reforms. He also has a compelling argument regarding internal accountability as a core factor that promotes external accountability (Elmore, 2004). Therefore, it means that for the occurrence of internal accountability, there must be necessary capacities such as the focus of workload complexity, school reforms, community and parent relationships and finally student and school

CO 2520 Prejudice Quiz Essay Example for Free

CO 2520 Prejudice Quiz Essay 1. Punishing those who behave in prejudiced ways is: A- the quickest solution to ending the problems of prejudiced behavior. B a response that is impossible since most prejudiced behavior is difficult to observe or prove. C unlikely to make a major difference since those who are the most prejudiced tend to have already received more punishment than most of us have received. D Both B and C. 2. If one thinks prejudiced thoughts, one should suppress them or avoid thinking them. A Yes, Thoughts are very close to actions and one should avoid thinking negative thoughts about other groups of people. B No. One should not suppress the thoughts, but should actively replace them with more positive images of the group members. C No. Prejudiced thoughts are normal and harmless; they are part of being in a group. D Yes. If we dont start on a personal level to reduce prejudiced thinking, then the problems simply grow. 3. Prejudices dont cost our society and therefore are really only a problem to those who are the victims of prejudiced behavior. A To discuss the monetary cost of prejudiced behavior is impossible. B The cost of prejudiced behavior is a human cost and is not a national economic issue. C The cost of sexism and racism alone have been estimated at over one-half trillion dollars per year. D Both A and B are true. 4. Most people are not prejudiced. A Surveys show that well over 75 percent of people in the U. S. do not consider themselves to be racist. B Those who discriminate represent a very small proportion of the U. S. population. C Research has shown that those who identify themselves as low in prejudiced beliefs still discriminate. D Both A and C are true. 5. There are no inexpensive methods of managing prejudiced behavior. A This is true because prejudiced behavior is so widespread, but we still need to try. B There are ways of managing prejudiced behavior that cost next to nothing. C While the training might be expensive the long term savings are worth the investment. 6. Those who risked their own lives to save Jewish people in Western Europe during the period that the Nazis were practicing genocide were more religious than those who did not try to save Jewish people. A True. B – False 7. Those who saved Jewish people from Hitlers genocide had more resources than those who did not. A – True, they had larger attics or larger basements. B False, they had no more resources. 8. Those who are in positions of authority can do a great deal to manage prejudice within the ranks of an organization. A True B – False 9. Being strongly prejudiced has little to do with a persons intellectual functioning or ability to make other types of judgments. A True B – False 10. The motivation of a strongly prejudiced person who is committing an overtly prejudiced act is basically the same as that of a person with lower levels of prejudiced behavior who is functioning out of a stereotyped perception. A True B – False 11. When a person who does not hold prejudiced beliefs behaves in a prejudiced way he or she often feels a personal sense of discomfort. A True B – False 12. Those who are most strongly prejudiced toward a target group generally know no more negative stereotypes about those they are prejudiced toward than those who are low in prejudiced behavior toward the same group. A True. B – False 13. When the leading scientists of the world look at the issues that threaten our future they look at environmental concerns not prejudiced behavior. A Scientists have little agreement about the things that threaten our future and there is nothing that even looks like a consensus. B There is clear consensus among the majority of leading scientists in the world about what threatens our future and it includes concerns about prejudiced behavior. C There is clear consensus among the majority of the leading scientists in the world about what threatens our future and it includes concerns about prejudiced behavior, specifically sexism. 14. Sexism, racism, ageism, xenophobia, homophobia and prejudices toward those with disabilities all have basically the same dynamics. A They are all basically the same except for homophobia which functions very differently from the others. B Each is different and has its own set of dynamics. C They are all basically the same except for prejudices toward those with disabilities, which function very differently from the others. D They are all basically the same.

The need for a strategic leadership role

The need for a strategic leadership role Strategic Leadership provides the vision and direction for the growth and success of an organization. To successfully deal with change, all executives need the skills and tools for both strategy formulation and implementation. Managing change and ambiguity requires strategic leaders who not only provide a sense of direction, but who can also build ownership and alignment within their workgroups to implement change. Leaders face the continuing challenge of how they can meet the expectations of those who placed them there. Addressing these expectations usually takes the form of strategic decisions and actions. For a strategy to succeed, the leader must be able to adjust it, as conditions require. But leaders cannot learn enough, fast enough, and do enough on their own to effectively adapt the strategy and then define, shape and executive the organizational response. If leaders are to win they must reply on the prepared minds of employees throughout the organization to understand the strategic intent and then both carry out the current strategy and adapt it in real time. The challenge is not only producing a winning strategy at a point in time but getting employees smart enough and motivated enough to executive the strategy and change it as condition change. This requires the leader to focus as much on the process used to develop the strategy-the human dimension, as the content of the strategy-the analytical dimension. Strategic Leadership is the ability to anticipate, envision, maintain flexibility and empower others to create strategic change as necessary. Strategic Leadership Process The company Gobind Industries Gobind Industries was founded in 1978 in Barabanki (INDIA), with the aim of providing farmers with Quality of Agriculture implements, at an affordable price, services, lower Horsepower (H.P). They now operate more than 100 stores in India. (Kushal Kumar Agarwal) The Products Gobind Industries offers Threshers, Harrow, Cultivator, Razor, Reapers, Levelers, Rotovator, Trolley, and other small accessories. Part I Culture A culture cannot be precisely defined, for it is something that is perceived, something felt. (According to Charles Handy, 1998) Organization Culture When a group of people works together and live together for any length of time, then form a belief in them what is right and wrong. This behavior based on the beliefs and there actions become habit that they follow routinely. These behaviors constitute the organizations culture. Culture reflects the peoples are performing tasks in an organization, for the objectives and goals to achieve them in a given period of time. It affects the way they make decisions, think, feel and act in response to opportunities and threats. The culture of an organization is therefore related to the people, their behavior and the operation of the structure. It is encapsulated in beliefs, customs and values, and manifested in a number of symbolic ways. (Strategic Management, 5th Edition, by John Thompson with Frank Martin) The impact of the culture in an organizations Location/ National culture Environment The organizations past Size The Mission The Aims and Objectives Management/Leadership Style Levels of consultation, participation and acceptance (Hand notes: Organization Culture) In organization, there are deep-set beliefs about the way work should be organized, the way authority should be exercised, people rewarded and people controlled. (Acc. to Charles Handy) When executives articulate and publish the values of their firm, which provide patterns for how employees should behave. E.g.: If I am not going to submit my assignment on given prescribed time, and faculty doesnt ask me or I submitted my assignment late then next time also I am going to do same, while looking to me other guys also started submitting there assignments late, then slowly-slowly the same process is going to be converted into habit then culture in college of submitting late assignments. In my work place the culture of speaking with the customers in Hindi, therefore for selling the product we required a salesperson those can speak good Hindi which helps the customer to understand the product properly, which will be beneficial to my organization, if I am going to keep those sales person who speaks in English then there is no use of it, but in India after every fourteen miles language changes, so for dealing in the market we had to keep that employee who can speak at least three different languages. So therefore the cultural impact on the organization is very much. Organizational specific, Legal, Regulatory and ethical requirements impact on strategic leadership As per my organization Legal Requirements Regulatory Requirements Ethical Requirements Regional, local laws and regulation. Government operating permits, licenses and approvals. Contracts and other documents that include legal obligations. Regulatory Requirements ensures that the organization identifies, accesses and evaluates laws, regulations and internal organizational requirements that apply to the environmental aspects of its activities, products and services. Identify these regulations helps to evaluate their potential impacts on the company and its products, activities and services. Ethical requirements in an organization for employees is to work for the company not for the personal interest, that the employee is trying to make money for himself, which will be against the ethics of the organization. Impact on Strategic Leadership Impact on Strategic Leadership Impact on Strategic Leadership If all these requirements doesnt fulfill by the company then it will be very costly for leader and as well as for the organization. E.g.: Painting work shop is not there in an manufacturing industry and the organization painting in the open air, then legally there is going to be problem for the organization by the government. So at this time leader had to think for the proper painting workshop that will be not harmful for any one. In an organization the employees doesnt follow the rules and regulation, then it will be affecting on the activities, product and services, for those the leader had to take initiative, and to control the people in an organization so that they can follow the regulation. E.g.: The regulation in the college is that no one should smoke in the campus, if it occurs then the leader can take hard and fast action on the particular person, who had broken the rules. If leader caught any of the employees doing any un ethical work that is against the organizational law, then he/she can be fired from his/her job or otherwise the employee can be handover to the police. Its all depend upon the leader that at what sought of problem is their with that employee. The leader can leave him while giving warning, its all depend upon the situation. The impact on the strategic leader is always a problematic one because if any one break any of these requirements then it will very costly for the organization and as well as for the strategic leader, if any problem occurs then he had to use his skills to resolve those problem, so that the organization should run in a smooth way. Current and Emerging social concerns and expectations impacting leadership in the organization Leaders impact organizational culture and that, in turn, determines levels of individual, group, and organizational effectiveness. These workshops are designed to help individual leaders strengthen thinking and behavioral styles that promote their effectiveness and moderate styles that prevent them from realizing their potential. It also helps leaders understand the impact they have on culture, and its implications for effectiveness at the individual, group, and organizational level. Leaders from the top-down in organizations are using leadership strategies that cause people to behave in ways that are contrary to how they want these people to behave. The reason for this is that we have failed to move from controlling to leading. The average leader operates on the basis of untried and untested but very commonly held assumptions about how to motivate people and achieve excellence in performance. Part II 2.1 The relationship between Strategic management and leadership Strategic Management Strategy is the pattern of decisions in a company that determines and reveals its objectives, purposes or goals, produces the principal policies and plans for achieving those goals, and defines the range of business the company is to pursue, the kind of economic and human organization it is or intends to be and the nature of the economic and non economic contribution it intends to make shareholders, employees, customers and communities. (Kenneth Andrews) Leadership The task of leadership, as well as providing the framework, values and motivation of people, and allocation of financial and other resources, is to set the overall direction which enables choices to be made so that the efforts of the company can be focused. (Sir John Harvey-Jones) When there is an objective to be achieved, or a task to be carried out, and when more than one person is needed to do it. (Armstrong, 1990) The relationship between the Strategic management and Leadership is that the strategic management is used to establish missions, objectives, and strategies for an organization. Leadership work is to complete those missions, objectives, and strategies with the support of their team, who must be inspired or persuaded to follow them. Therefore leadership is about the encouraging the individuals to give their best to achieve those missions that had been given by the strategic management. A series of strategic management components whose formulation and implementation will require a leadership input, these components include decisions about: Planning style Strategic Intent Mission Objectives Ethos and ethics Performance management Financial strategy and management Core values and ideology Understanding and choice of the basis of strategy formulation Perspective-the conceptualization, purpose, and direction of the enterprise. How the process of strategy formulation and strategic decision-making is to be implemented and facilitated How the enterprise is to move forwards into the future. How relationship with key internal and external stakeholders are to be managed within the architecture of the organization. How to ensure understanding and consensus about the critical success factors of the enterprise. How power is to be used within the organization; and how the politics of internal and external relationships are to be managed. (Principles of strategic management 3rd Edition, Tony Morden) 2.2 Leadership styles and their impact on strategic decision Leadership Style and its Impact There are three major leadership styles by psychologist Kurt Lewin a) Authoritarian Leadership (Autocratic) Authoritarian leaders provide clear expectations for what needs to be done, when it should be done, and how it should be done. There is also a clear division between the leader and the followers. Authoritarian leaders make decisions independently with little or no input from the rest of the group. Impact: Researchers found that decision-making was less creative under authoritarian leadership. It is more difficult to move from an authoritarian style to a democratic style than vice versa. Abuse of this style is usually viewed as controlling, bossy, and dictatorial. Authoritarian leadership is best applied to situations where there is little time for group decision-making or where the leader is the most knowledgeable member of the group. As per my organization the authoritarian leader is the Chairperson of the Gobind Industries, sometimes he had to take it self decisions which is good for the organization but it was less creative, therefore he tries to make decision while having a meeting with the department leaders. b) Participative Leadership (Democratic) Democratic leadership is generally the most effective leadership style. Democratic leaders offer guidance to group members, but they also participate in the group and allow input from other group members. Impact: In this group were less productive than the members of the authoritarian group, but their contributions were of a much higher quality. Participative leaders encourage group members to participate, but retain the final say over the decision-making process. Group members feel engaged in the process and are more motivated and creative. As per my organization the meeting is being held in every one month by leaders with the staff members to encourage them and to know something new for the organization, this meeting motivates the employee to achieve the objective that is being set by the leaders. c) Delegative (Laissez-Faire) Delegative (laissez-fair) leadership was the least productive of all three groups. The members in this group also made more demands on the leader, showed little cooperation, and were unable to work independently. Impact: Delegative leaders offer little or no guidance to group members and leave decision-making up to group members. While this style can be effective in situations where group members are highly qualified in an area of expertise, it often leads to poorly defined roles and a lack of motivation. (http://psychology.about.com/od/leadership/a/leadstyle.htm) 2.3 Leadership styles in different situations and its impact In the graph we can see that there are three stages as per the different situation in an organization. In first stage: the environment and the targets of the organization are soft and they are not under pressure, so the managers should adopt a soft leadership style to maintain the feel-good factor in the team. In this type of situation the leadership is must required to check there members because if doesnt then due to easiness of the environment then became laziness, therefore at this time also there should check on the members. If the leader doesnt do this then in future this will be converted into problem for an organization. In second stage: the environment becomes harder and targets and processes are under pressure, at this stage the manager had to adopt the harder leadership style, in order to focus the efforts of the team to achieve their goals. At this stage the leader had to take some harsh steps against the members of his team, so that they can achieve their goals. If they cannot do this then it will loss for the organization and the blame is going on the team leader, at this point he had use his skills, talents to bring out his team from the hard environment. In third stage: if the environment remains hard and targets and processes are under pressure, then the manager had to adopt hard and soft leadership style, so that the members should not frustrate with the leader, which will be again harmful for the organization, at this stage the manager had to motivate its members and as well as at some times he should harsh so that the work should not be pending, due to the soft behavior of the manager. Part III 3.1 A culture of professionalism, mutual trusts, respect and support within an organization A culture of professionalism in an organization: Developing a Culture of professionalism in my own organization while giving example, I am going to be the leader in this organization and developing a culture of professionalism. While entering into my organization, I felt that I just came into the fish market I cannot recognize any of organizational members at first time and the environment is not that much good as it should be in the organization, some of the members are wearing t-shirts, some of them wearing colorful shirts, while looking all these I decided to make a culture of professionalism so that our members can treat to the customers in value able manner, and it will be easy for the consumers to recognize the staff members easily. I provided them a dress material and ask them to enter in a this formal dress only which changes the culture and as well as the creates the professionalism in an organization, giving them training how to behave or deal with the customer, which incr eases our sale and gives satisfaction to our consumers. A mutual trusts: mutual trust means the beliefs, truth, reliability, ability or strength of every members are there in an organization. This had to be maintained by the leader within the members. The leader should not be partial with any of the member, if he does that then the others members trust he is being loosing and it is going to affect the organization, which is not a good leadership by the leader, he had to make faith equally with every members, As parents makes trust, faith and treats equally to all of their children in the same way the organization is also like a family. Respect: respect in an organization is must because without respecting each other you cannot move a single step also. If the staff member gives respect to the manager then he/she also had to give respect to his juniors. Respect can be in terms of listening to the seniors and giving respect to juniors, helping them in any of the problem. In an organization giving respect to the customer is must, it can while dealing them asking about water or tea or a coffee, or while receiving them in the reception area, these all shows the respect towards a consumer and as well as within the members of an organization. Support: within the organization the support can be given with in the team members, it can be one department to another department also. The example, if a employee is being given some work to do and he is not able to complete within the time period, then his team member can give support to finish his work on time. Example between two departments, in sales department if any of the member sales something to the consumer and to the consumer he had to give bill of the product, then the sales person request to the finance department to give their support to them for printing out bill as soon as possible. 3.2 Strategic leader focus on Organization in the achievement of objectives The leader must focus on the objectives as higher profits, shareholder value and customer satisfaction. To achieve results, the leader had to develop a solid, sound, customer-focused, and entrepreneurial strategy, aimed at market leadership, based on innovation, and tightly focused on decisive opportunities. He had to provide the feedback to the organization about the higher profits every month so that he can came to know that where he is failing to bring up higher profits. These can be done while increasing the market share, increment in the quality of a product, good after sales service. While providing all these he bring the higher profits for the organization and as well as customer satisfaction and the shareholder value in the market. Shares are rising of the company on the daily or weekly basis, which is again beneficial to the organization. 3.3 Strategic Leader supports and develops understanding of the organizations direction The organizational direction means the organization vision, mission, values and direction towards customers. The strategic leader supports the vision of the organization, as the vision of the organization is To become a most successful and respected thresher company in the India and the best after sale service provider in the market. So the strategic leader had to work as per their vision because Gobind Industries is already a respected organization in India and it is easy for the leader to make more successful organization and he can develop this by working on it or by providing best after sales service to the consumers as compare to their competitors. We will provide high quality of product so that the consumer can easily use multi crop threshers this is the mission of the company which the leader had to support while making corrections in the machinery to achieve more better quality of product as in the mission is being mentioned. The organization values are: believing in excellence service through Integrity, Innovation and Learning Integrity that the strategic leader develops and support is the honesty and doing right thing for their consumers and always honoring our commitments. Strategic leader develop and support the creativity and change for achieving continuous improvements and results in our jobs and in our organization. As the organizational direction is about learning then the strategic leader support and develop this part in itself also which will be helpful for himself and for the organization too. Organization believe in on going learning new things by getting knowledge from consumer, market, suppliers, dealers, friends or from any stakeholder about our product fault or any better need for an organization which will be beneficial for our consumer and for the organization. 3.4 Strategic Leadership Styles are adapted to meet changing needs and to enable organizational development and commitment With varying degrees of success, many leaders get their strategy making to this point and either stop or their process stalls. A major reason is the lack of understanding and commitment to the steps required to build more effective strategic leadership practices and a strategy dialogue in the operating groups below the senior managers. These groups and especially their leadership teams frequently do not know how to proceed and there is no consistent in-house resource to assist them. The net effect is the sense of excitement and momentum that was generated at the top of the house in the earlier stages of the strategy process is lost and the strategy team of employees is derailed before it is even gets started. One of the best ways to address this is to identify and train a cadre of high potential line managers in the middle of the organization that can serve as champions of the strategy process to those both above and below them. In this sense they serve both as a catalyst for the pro cess and as a bridge between formulation and implementation. They do not replace the leadership role of the senior teams in each of these operating group but they do serve as a critical additional resource that is dedicated to creating momentum and fostering consistency. This can be especially important if the strategy defined requires changes in the organizational culture as well as the business model. This resource also helps to ensure that the day-to-day running the business is not neglected as the demands of building a large-scale strategy dialogue come into play. To integrate both dimensions into strategy making in a way that creates a winning outcome and gets the whole organization understanding and committed to this common agenda requires leaders who are clear about the strategic capacity of each of their internal stakeholder groups and who have the perspective and insights to lead in a way that incorporates both dimensions as the strategy is developed. The steps described below are intended to provide the leader with techniques to do that. Taken collectively, they define a process that incorporates both the analytical and human dimensions, while challenging individuals throughout the organization to raise the quality and quantity of their strategic thinking and their strategic leadership. Conclusion Finally, when deciding what vocabulary and toolset is best to use while working across large populations, simpler is usually better. The simpler the language and the fewer the tools, the more accessible the strategy becomes to larger groups of people and the more people can understand it, know how they should think and talk about it, and identify how they can contribute. Some situations require more sophisticated (i.e. more complicated) tools because there is a need for much more thorough analytics. Many do not. The right balance point between comprehensiveness and simplicity will provide enough analytical complexity to adequately describe the marketplace, the customers, what you do and how you will compete, but nothing more than that. Simplicity, where it can be found, makes a significant difference when working across a large population.

My Hospital Experience | Short Story

My Hospital Experience | Short Story I know youre always thinking on the good side, and youre thinking everyone good should be treated well, and everyone bad, like criminals, shouldnt be here. But, sometimes, good people have bad things done to them, for unknown reasons. Rarely, no one is doing it to them, most of the time its a bad thing. My story is different, extremely different. Its not something normal, its something unknown.. Im a really good person. I have great grades, I try to stop fights with no violence, but merely talking it out, I have nice friends, and Ive only visited to principals office to pick something up. But, Ive had something horrible done to me. You know how you get a cold? Yeah, I had gotten sick, not with a cold, but an unknown illness that caused me to actually go to the hospital, and it seemed like I had to get brain surgery. Nothing compared to cold, right there. Youre probably thinking, Brain Surgery? What happened!? Well, you see, it all started out on a hot school-day. I noticed my eyes moving back and forth, in an unseen speed, on the way to lunch. Of course, Id freak out, but this was school! I just closed my eyes for a bit, and opened them after, and it seemed like nothing had even happen. I thought it was just my imagination. But, it did get worse. Weeks later, it happened again. I was at a hotels pool, and it was happened when I and my mother were walking back to the room. My eyes flickered back and forth, and I was staring directly at her. Her face changed from once enjoyment to a reaction of worry and anger. She told me, Stop that, youre going to hurt yourself. I asked her, Stop what? She steadied her eyes, That eye thing, dont play dumb. I sighed, Oh, Im not doing that on purpose. The conversation just stopped there. We went inside, and I think we both just ignored it, I think.. This so-called eye trick wasnt going to stop any time soon. I had finally thought it had took its toll and found its way out of my system.. But, I was so wrong.. This nightmare had only begun. Later that school-year, Spring Break to be exact, my eyes flickered back and forth in front of my mother again, even longer this time, and I couldnt even stop it when I closed my eyes! I was terrified, and my mother told me she was taking me to the hospital. I really didnt want her to do that, because I was worried about how much by money she had, and I really didnt want to be a burden, but I didnt really have a choice. Much later, on a rainy ride that seemed to be forever, we finally reached Camden Medical Center. My mother took me inside, holding my hand in a firm and tight grip and told them what was happening. She signed in, and we waited patiently in the room, sitting down. A small wait later, they got a wheel-chair and took me inside the emergency room. My mind was numb, and I couldnt really think straight, so many things were going on at one time. All I remember was having an IV in one of my arms, and I waited for something in a hospital bed, with a clean, heated blanket on me. Again, I still couldnt figure out what was going on, but they put me into a gurney and put me inside of the ambulance and told me everything was going to be okay. I just lied down, and closed my eyes. I knew the other doctors in the ambulance were saying things, but I couldnt hear them that well.. The ride seemed long, but short at the same time. I could still feel my mother holding my hand as we reached the next hospital. I only remember opening my eyes, inside of a room, laying on a hospital bed. I could tell my parents were worried for me. I didnt know why, though. A doctor came inside and told me I needed brain surgery. I was terrified inside, and I wanted to cry and scream, but I just agreed and nodded when he told me I needed to do some tests. There was many tests during that while in the hospital. Blood tests, scanning tests, x-rays, a spinal tap, and other tests I dont remember.. My family came in a lot, when a test was done and I could go back to my room. I really just wanted to go home.. I was so tired of the hospital, but I couldnt leave.. I didnt feel tortured, I just felt trapped. I wanted to leave so bad, but I couldnt I felt like I was a caged animal for some wacky scientist to test on. For two weeks that seemed like the days would not end, I was told that white blood cells were attacking my cerebellum that caused my eyes to move back and forth, so they told me I just needed some steroid s and I think a few more tests before I could go home. I was so happy, I could finally leave. For two days, the nurses gave me steroids and I felt a burning in my wrists, but I just didnt care for it. I was going to go home.. I could finally go back to school.. After those days, I was finally allowed to go home. I was taken out of the hospital in a wheel-chair, and I crawled into the back of my fathers car. It took a couple of hours before we were home, but when we were, I smiled with glee and tried to run inside, but I could only stride. Days seemed normal, and after the weekend, I was informed that I could return to school! This normal thing continued until I had been able to go into the sixth grade, and I was told near the middle of the school year I needed a shot, and I didnt get it. So, I spoke of the truth and told them I didnt know, and I got a slip and took it to my mother.. But, apparently, I cant get this shot because of the incident at the hospital. So, I have to wait and continue my school year until two school years have passed. Now, because of that terrible misfortune of trouble in the hospital, I have to been home schooled.. Great, just peachy, I thought my year of bad luck was over. It just goes to show, life isnt fair at times, even if youve never done anything wrong. The Red Convertible | Literature Analysis The Red Convertible | Literature Analysis The power of relationships is a very powerful force. It can change the course of one persons life or the lives of many people in a positive or negative manner. The connection between family members is especially strong and it is believed that it can stand the test of almost anything that is thrown towards the family members. However, this is not always true. There are many things that can tear apart relationships and ties within a family, such as war and death. Death simply severs the relationship very bluntly and devastates a family. War can cause a soldier to act differently towards their relationships and to never be able to become their old selves again. In the story of The Red Convertible by Louise Eldrich, the very same happens to brothers Henry and Lyman Lamartine. Henrys appearance, the photograph of the brothers, and convertible symbolize the change in their relationship from the time before and after Henry goes to war. Henrys physical appearance has changed since coming home from war, as well as how he acts around his family. After coming home from war, Henry wore the same outfit everyday. He wore his army jacket and his army boots, and he never took them off. This unwillingness to change out of his army clothes shows that Henry feels that he is permanently connected to the war. Generally when soldiers wear their army clothes, even after they arrived home, it signifies their need to go back into combat because it is all that they had come to know and that they do not know anything outside of combat. It is often thought that soldiers feel the need to go back to combat so that they can die within a situation that they had come to know. Additionally, the soldiers that are able to return back home feel guilty for living and want to go back to war to die so that they can get rid of the guilt they feel. The army boots that Henry wears constantly brings about his literal death with Lyman describing, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦his boots filled with water on a windy nightà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (394) and Henry drowning as the result. The boots also symbolize the war and since the boots filled up with water and caused the death of Henry, the war itself drowned Henry. Henry was not able, or rather was unwilling to save himself from drowning, the weight of the horrors of wars. Henrys personality changed since coming home from war. He used to be a carefree young man that would joke around with his brother, such as when he went to Alaska and joked, I always wondered what it was like to have long pretty hair.' (395) when they discovered that Susy had hair that reached the ground. Lyman recalls these times and notices the change in his brother from being playful and happy-go-lucky to a man that cannot laugh anymore, stating Hed always had a joke, then, too, and now you couldnt get him to laughà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (3 96). Henry also could not sit still after coming home from war, probably fearing that if he sat still for too long then the images of war would creep back into his head. The photograph that is taken by their younger sister Bonita indicates the change that Henry underwent prior to the war and after coming home from the war. The picture shows the contrast in their personalities after Henry returns. Lyman describes himself as being à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦right out in the sun, big and round. (398), showing that Lymans soul is whole and content with life, while Henry is described as having à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦shadows on his face as deep as holes. (398), indicating that is soul is scarred and broken from what he experienced while at war. This photography also introduces the first time that Henry smiles since coming home. His smile is described as if it à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦looked as like it might have hurt his face. (398) and this represents the aftermath of the war and the inability to be truly happy again. The convertible epitomizes the freedom that Henry and Lyman experienced and their relationship between each other. The freedom they experience is shown by the road trip they had the summer before Henry was drafted to war. This freedom that they had before the war is destroyed by the war. Henrys refusal to do anything with the car shows his feeling of losing his freedom and that he feels that he is a slave to the war. Both brothers were untroubled by the worries of the world and traveled around the United States together. Their relationship becomes stronger after they bought the convertible, repaired the car, and traveled around. After coming back from war, Henry loses interest in the convertible and more importantly, his brother. The convertible also represents the war-torn relationships of soldiers. Lymans destruction of the convertible after he had spent a great deal of time and money on fixing it up represents the broken relationship between the brothers. When Henry confronts his younger brother about it, Henry claims, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦when I left, that car was running like a watch. Now I dont even know I can get it to start again, let alone get it anywhere near its old condition. (397). Henry is communicating that he does not know how to fix the broken relationship with his brother and that he is uncertain of the future of their relationship. Henry also knows that he cannot restore their relationship back to the way it was before. When Henry works on fixing the car, it shows his attempt to fix his brotherly relationship to the best of his ability and Henrys reasoning for trying to fix his relationship is his realization of his brothers love. When Henry enters into the river intentionally drowning, the bond that the brothers shared was severed. Lyman is left the convertible, which Henry had fixed for him. Lyman pushed it into the river to that he does not have to carry the guilt of not being able to save his brother. The relationship between Henry and Lyman is struck a deadly blow by the Vietnam War. Henry and Lymans relationship undergoes a transformation with the significance in change in appearance of Henry, a photograph of the brothers after the war, and the convertible that they purchased together. Henrys appearance signifies his attachment to the war he left behind in a different country and this affected how he interacted with his brother. His boots were symbolic of the war causing his death, even though he was not in Vietnam when he died. The photograph of Lyman and Henry compares how the brothers differed after Henrys return from war. The convertible indicates the actual relationship between the brothers and how the condition of the car reflects the integrity of their relationship.

Roswell :: essays research papers fc

Science Fiction Final Project: Roswell On the night of July 4, 1947 a thunderstorm filled the sky with loud blasts of thunder and a distinct sound accompanied by a bright flash of light. Giving little thought to the strange occurrence, Mac Brazel went back to sleep and decided to inspect the damage in the morning. In the morning the farmer and his son were surprised to discover an area where pieces of metal were spread throughout the field. Mr. Brazel knew that the pieces appeared to be very strange so he loaded his truck with some of the debris and took them to the closest city, Roswell, which is some 75 miles from his farm. The Roswell sheriff looked at the debris and decided to call the Roswell Army Air Field. He thought that the pieces could be the wreckage of a top-secret project and that the army would be the best authority for the situation. The Army checked and found that, in fact, no secret projects had been performed in that location. Jesse Marcel and Captain Sheridan Cavitt decided to drive to the farm outside of Corona, New Mexico and look at the crash site for themselves. Upon seeing the crash site, they mutually decided that the wreckage was not from this world and that they must alert the Pentagon. The Pentagon already knew by this time what was happening in Roswell, and General Clemence McMullen told Roswell Army Air Field that they must cover up the whole story. Thus the government of the United States decided to lie to its citizens. Extraterrestrials exist and have visited our planet. The United States government as well as many other worldwide governments have proof of UFO existence but are afraid to release this information to the general public. It is up to the general public to examine the evidence and decide whether UFO’s exist. If the government is going to continue a policy of denial then the citizens must begin a policy of belief. Whether policy makers are afraid of UFO’s effect on national security or the potential mass hysteria that could follow such a release of information, the people must not sit back and let evidence of extraterrestrial contact slip through the cracks. A UFO crashed into the side of a mountain on the night of July 4, 1947. The alien craft had malfunctioned that may have been caused due to the thunderstorm.

Staffing Orgs DELL :: GCSE Business Marketing Coursework

Staffing Orgs DELL Dell's mission is to be the most successful computer company in the world at delivering the best customer experience in markets we serve. In doing so, Dell will meet customer expectations of:  · Highest quality  · Leading technology  · Competitive pricing  · Individual and company accountability  · Best-in-class service and support  · Flexible customization capability  · Superior corporate citizenship  · Financial stability -Dell Mission Statement Company background Dell’s vision of excellence through quality, innovation, pricing, accountability, service and support, customization, corporate citizenship and financial stability is clear. This mission statement is clear and easy to understand. Producing quality work that leads to the achievement of these lofty goals becomes much more complicated than writing a simple mission statement. One thing is clear, the core capabilities of any business stem from the employees that comprise it. With over 36,000 employees, Dell is a member of the rapidly changing and expanding computer technology industry. This industry had achieved enormous growth in the last decade. Dell’s stock rose 29,000 percent in the 1990’s and as of the second quarter in 1999; Dell was tied for first place in the market. Dell faces stiff competition from technology giants such as IBM, Hewlett Packard, and Compaq. With such robust expansion in the technology industry and the economy, it is becoming increasing difficult for companies such as Dell, who experienced a 56 percent growth in workforce in 1999, to fill positions with quality applicants. Dell is currently seeking applicants for positions in sales, corporate finance, engineering, manufacturing, and most especially, information technology. Dell currently hires approximately 2000 employees a quarter. With such rapid growth and expansion the temptation surfaces to simply fill a position with a body. â€Å"Unless you have a go od process in place, you run the risk of not always hiring the best people. There can be a tendency to say ‘We need people so badly, a fresh body is better than no body,’† as summed up by Steve Price, vice president of human resources for Dell’s Public and Americas International Group. To avoid this scenario, Dell has created a web-based Organizational Human Resource Planning (OHRP) process. These processes help a business unit focus on and anticipate growth and staffing needs. In addition the OHRP process allows managers to do their own succession planning, identify key jobs, and formulate competency planning and employee development. The OHRP process also tries to pick out qualities new employees will need by analyzing the skills and qualities of current top performers.

Circuit Analysis Using Kirchoffs Voltage Law, Kirchoffs Current Law,

Have you ever wondered how or what makes an electric circuit function? A fact that many people don't realize is that almost every electric circuit can be analyzed with three very important laws. Those laws are Kirchoff's Current Law, Kirchoff's Voltage Law, and Ohm's Law. With some practice and the above stated laws in your tool bag, you can feel assured that you too can analyze electric circuits with the best of them. However, before we get into the nitty-gritty of defining and using these laws, I recommend that you first connect to the links that offer a little historical information about the two men that defined these fundamental laws for electric circuit analysis. Gustav Robert Kirchoff was a German physicist born on March 12, 1824, in Konigsber, Prussia. Gustav Kirchoff's first research topic was on the conduction of electricity. As a result of this research, Kirchoff wrote the Laws of Closed Electric Circuits in 1845. These laws were eventually named after their author, which are now known as Kirchoff's Current and Voltage Laws. Because Kirchoff's Voltage and Current laws apply to all electric circuits, a firm understanding of these fundamental laws is paramount in the understanding of how an electronic circuit functions. Although these laws have immortalized Kirchoff in the field of Electrical Engineering, Kirchoff also had additional discoveries. Gustav Kirchoff was the first person to verify that an electrical impulse traveled at the speed of light. Furthermore, Kirchoff made major contributions in the study of spectroscopy and he advanced the research into blackbody radiation. Gustav Robert Kirchoff died in Berlin in October 17, 1887. Georg Simon Ohm was a German physicist born in Erlangen, Bavaria, on March 16, ... ...t is directly proportional to its applied voltage and inversely proportional to its resistance. In equation form, Ohm's law states V = I*R where V is the applied voltage, R is the resistance in Ohms, I is the current in amperes. Ohm's law demonstrates that if the applied voltage across a circuit is increased or decreased, the current generated in the circuit increases and decreases, respectively. Furthermore, as the resistance in a circuit increases, the current generated in the circuit decreases. The following are algebraic variations of Ohm's law that demonstrate theses observations. I = V / R R = V / I Using one of the three algebraic variations of Ohm's law, and any two known variables, one can solve for the other unknown quantity.

Sme Entry Mode Choice and Performance

Introduction International entry mode choice is considered a critical strategic decision. In an attempt to understand this choice, scholars have primarily focused on transaction cost theory Previous literature have failed to examine how the transactional cost model applies to smaller entrepreneurial firms. † Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) are not smaller versions of larger companies, but mainly due to their size they tend to interact differently with their environment.The Authors could identify no studies of SME entry mode choice that have examined the three main causes of transaction costs: asset specificity, behavioral uncertainties, and environmental uncertainties. By examining the entry mode behavior of SMEs, they can determine whether they follow similar patterns as their larger counterparts and whether the strategic decision processes that influence success for larger companies have validity in smaller firms.In this article they hope to make two important contr ibutions to the SME international literature. First, by examining the applicability of transaction cost theory to SME inter- national entry mode choice, we hope to extend the generalizability of transaction cost theory for entry mode choice to this large and growing sector of the global economy Transactional costs and mode choices Transaction cost (TC) theory has been widely used in entry mode research to explain why large companies utilize different modes in expanding abroad.The existing literature suggests that companies adopt a certain organizational structure—markets (non-equity modes) versus hierarchies (equity modes)—when expanding abroad based on how efficient one structure is compared with the alternative structure. Transaction cost theory suggests that asset specificity, behavioral uncertainties, and environmental uncertainties create two main costs: market transaction costs and control costs Asset specificity Asset specificity refers to the physical and human resources, which may lose value in another use, that a company employs to complete a specific task.A firm that possesses unique technology and know-how has to take extra precautions (and incur additional costs) in order to protect its differentiated assets from falling into the hands of competitors. When asset specificity is low, firms will incur few costs in protecting their know-how from competitors. Low asset-specific investments involve the use of generally available knowledge; hence, firms are not concerned about protecting this knowledge from competitors, since competitors already have access to the knowledge.When asset specificity is low, firms tend to use market-based non-equity modes of entry. When asset specificity is high, firms are more concerned with protecting proprietary knowledge or technology from competitors. Hypothesis1: SMEs will tend to prefer non-equity modes of entry when assets specificity is low, but tend to prefer equity modes of entry when asset specifici ty is high. Behaviour uncertanty Transaction cost theory suggests firms face two types of uncertainty: behavioral and environmental.Behavioral uncertainties arise from the inability of a company to predict the behavior of individuals in a foreign country. According to transaction cost theory, behavioral uncertainty may lead to opportunistic behavior involving cheating, distortion of information, shirking of responsibility, and other forms of dishonest behavior. Internationalization theory suggests that firms develop skills at controlling international operations through experience.Through learning, firms develop expertise in managing foreign operations (either independent operations like license agreements or more complex operations like wholly owned subsidiaries). Firms lacking international control-related experience tend to prefer non-equity modes of entry, as a means of controlling the behavior-related uncertainties of foreign expansion. High behavioral uncertainties may discour age SMEs from organizing foreign operations in a hierarchical form Hypothesis 2: SMEs

The Risks Of Cardiovascular Disease Health And Social Care Essay

The Rheos System is the device that can be used to take down blood force per unit area in patients who have immune high blood pressure ; the mechanism being stimulation of the carotid baroreceptors. It is unknown if there is any interaction between Rheos and conventional pacesetters. ( KARUNARATNE et al, 2010 ) I will besides be speaking about a really recent therapy for hypertensive patients ; nephritic sympathetic denervation ( RSD ) . It uses a state-of-the-art technique, â€Å" transdermal, catheter-based radiofrequency extirpation † . This has been shown to be good in patients with immune hypertension.A ( DOUMAS et al, 2010 ) Sufficient decrease in blood force per unit area can be readily achieved by bring oning unsusceptibility against marks in the RAAS. The mark antigen is a important factor in the effectivity and safety of the vaccinum. The angiotonin II vaccinum: CYT006-AngQb lessenings blood force per unit area in worlds but the consequences nevertheless were non consistent with more frequent dosing. Vaccines which can be used for hypertensive patient are still in the early stages. ( DO et al, 2010 ) High blood pressure has a high prevalence and has a slightly ill-defined definition. ( HASTIE et al, 2010 ) High blood pressure is something that needs to command. It is recommended that at least every five old ages grownups should hold their blood force per unit area checked until the age of 80. Peoples who have a high normal value for their systolic blood force per unit area, for illustration between 130 and139 mm Hg or who have a high normal value for their diastolic blood force per unit area, for illustration between 85 and 89 millimeters Hg ) are recommended to hold their blood force per unit area measured every twelvemonth. ( Brown et al, 2004 ) I will be discoursing some of the new anti hypertensive drug therapies available, the two chief 1s being viz. the carotid baroreceptor stimulation therapy and the nephritic arteria denervation process. Large-scale clinical tests and clinical surveies are presently traveling on with the purpose of specifying the safety of both the intercessions. ( GRASSI et al, 2010 ) This new implantable device which stimulates the carotid baroreceptors ( Rheos device ) activates the carotid baroreflex. This is done electrical stimulation of the carotid fistula wall: electrodes are really implanted on the outside surface of the carotid fistula wall. This is the first new therapy I will be speaking about. ( TOIDOIR et al, 2007 ) Activation of the nephritic sympathetic nervousnesss is a cardinal issue to the pathogenesis of indispensable high blood pressure in patients hence why I have decided to speak about this new approaching nephritic arteria denervation process. ( SYMPLICITY HTN-2 INVESTIGATORS et Al, 2010 ) I am besides traveling to be discoursing a new blood force per unit area vaccinum. The AngQb vaccinum uses an immunisation technique which involves the junction of angiotonin II to atoms which are similar to viruses. In a celebrated stage 2 test published in the Lancet, hypertensive patients were vaccinated with 300 mcgs of the vaccinum. After 14 hebdomads at that place was really a difference of 9.0 ( systolic ) /4.0 ( diastolic ) millimeter Hg. There were besides no serious inauspicious events recognized with the vaccinum disposal. ( GRADMAN et al, 2008 ) I will briefly speak about current medicine for hypertensive patients and eventually reexamine published documents which discuss conformity and attachment to anti hypertensive medicines. Carotid BARORECEPTORS: 1000 words The definition of immune high blood pressure would be the province that some patients face when antihypertensive drugs are non able to take down the blood force per unit area. This is a job that many physicians face at the minute in clinical pattern. ( GRASSI et al, 2010 ) . The chief intent of the arterial baroreflex is to keep the blood force per unit area rather near to a peculiar set point ( this is over a short period of clip. ) It is imperative to minimise blood force per unit area variableness by baroreflex mechanisms. In hypertensive worlds and animate beings, the baroreflex control of bosom rate has been shown to be diminished. ( HEAD et al, 2005 ) Therefore, it would follow on that a good mechanism of blood force per unit area control would be electrical activation of the carotid baroreflex. In the sixtiess and 1970s the carotid baroreflex was modulated as portion of the intervention for immune high blood pressure. The carotid fistula nervousnesss were stimulated inveterate utilizing implanted nervus electrodes and an implantable receiving system. However, t16 T. Reich, J. Tuckman, A.F. Lyon and J.H. Jacobson II, The effects of wireless frequence carotid fistula nervus stimulators in terrible high blood pressure, Surg Forum 18 ( 1967 ) , pp. 174-176.his technique ne'er became established as a possible therapy for high blood pressure. This was due to two chief grounds, one was the development of new pharmacological agents used in the intervention of high blood pressure ( e.g. ACE-Inhibitors ) and secondly because of proficient restrictions of implantable medical devices. ( TOIDOIR et al, 2007 ) More recent observations in inveterate instrumented animate beings have shown that the stimulation of carotid baroreflex can positively influenceA the long-run ordinance of arterial blood force per unit area. ( TOIDOIR et al, 2007 ) The Rheos System is an deep-rooted carotid fistula baroreflex triping system with a pulse generator and bilateral perivascular carotid fistula leads ( CSLs ) .It is has been and is still being evaluated in clinical tests for the intervention of drug-resistant high blood pressure. ( SANCHEZ et al, 2010 ) An of import clinical test was published last twelvemonth in Germany which tested this Rheos device. It looked at 7 work forces and 5 adult females ( an age scope crossing between 43 – 69 old ages ) who all suffered from immune arterial high blood pressure ( intervention resistant ) . Approximately one month before the survey took topographic point a â€Å" bilateral electric baroreflex stimulator † was implanted at the degree of the carotid fistula ; this was the Rheos device. Assorted things were measured including the intra-arterial blood force per unit area, bosom rate, plasma renin, musculus sympathetic nervus activity, cardiac and sympathetic baroreflex sensitiveness and norepinephrine concentrations. ( HEUSSER et al, 2010 ) These measurings were all performed under resting conditions, both with electric baroreflex stimulation and besides without electric baroreflex stimulation. The arterial blood force per unit area was 193 millimeter Hg ( plus or minus 9 ) over 94 ( plus or minus 5 ) millimeter Hg on medicines. The electric baroreflex stimulation reduced systolic blood force per unit area by 32 ( plus or minus10 ) millimeter Hg ( the scope being +7 to -108 mm Hg ; P=0.01 ) . ( HEUSSER et al, 2010 ) My reading would be that this is a really strong P value giving first-class grounds that this Rheos device is good for hypertensive patients. Muscle sympathetic nervus activity decreased rather aggressively when electric stimulation was started. After the lessening, there was an activity addition. However, throughout the existent stimulation period it remained below the baseline degree. Heart rate decreased 4.5 plus or minus 1.5 beats per minute with stimulation ( P & lt ; 0.05 ) . Again the P value here is important beef uping the grounds for Rheos device. The renin concentration in the plasma decreased 20 % plus or minus 8 % ( P & lt ; 0.05 ) . Yet once more here we have another important P value. The electric field stimulation of carotid fistula baroreflex did acutely decreased blood force per unit area in the patients. There were no negative effects on the existent physiological baroreflex ordinance. The response was mediated through sympathetic suppression. ( HEUSSER et al, 2010 ) MORE REVIEWS ON THIS Nephritic ARTERY DENERVATION: 1000 words Renal sympathetic hyperactivity is really associated with high blood force per unit area. Progression of high blood pressure can do chronic kidney disease ( CKD ) and bosom failure. A test was done in 2009 where nephritic sympathetic denervation was tested in patients who suffered from immune high blood pressure. The patients ‘ systolic blood force per unit areas were tantamount to 160 millimeters Hg or even higher ; they were all on 3 or more medicines for their high blood pressure ( this included a diuretic ) to reasonably measure blood force per unit area decrease effectivity every bit good as safety. The survey took on 50 patients who were all from five different European Centres. 5 patients were excluded from the nephritic denervation for anatomical grounds. They all received â€Å" transdermal radiofrequency catheter-based intervention † between the day of the months June 2007 to November 2008. They all besides had subsequent followup to 1 twelvemonth. ( Krum et al , 2009 ) The survey looked at the effectivity of nephritic sympathetic denervation. The primary end points included the blood force per unit areas at one, three, six, nine and twelve months after the process. In patients who had been treated with nephritic sympathetic denervation the baseline mean blood force per unit area was 177/101 millimeter Hg, ( average 4.7 antihypertensive medicines ) . The estimated GFR was 81 mL/min/1.73mA? . After the process the blood force per unit areas were reduced rather well. They were reduced by â€Å" -14/-10, -21/-10, -22/-11, -24/-11, and -27/-17 † millimeter Hg at one, three, six, nine and twelve months, severally. In the five patients who had non been treated, there was a average rise in blood force per unit area. The rises at one, three, six, nine and twelve months were â€Å" +3/-2, +2/+3, +14/+9 † , and +26/+17 mm Hg severally. ( Krum et al, 2009 ) The resultsA from this test were promising ; the catheter-based nephritic denervation caused sustained blood-pressure decrease in patients with immune high blood pressure. The decrease in blood force per unit area was rather significant and was without any serious inauspicious events. It was evaluated that more randomized clinical tests are necessary in order to look into the utility of this process farther. ( Krum et al, 2009 ) Equally good as this survey, another test was done the twelvemonth after ; this test was more big graduated table and was published in the Lancet. The purpose of this test was similar to the last 1 in that, they wanted to measure how effectual the catheter-based nephritic denervation in cut downing blood force per unit area in patients who had treatment-resistant high blood pressure was. The safety of the process was besides to be evaluated. In this randomized test, the patients used were those who had a systolic blood force per unit area of either 160 mmaˆ?Hg or more ( despite taking 3 or more antihypertensive drugs ) at the start of the test. These patients were indiscriminately allocated to hold the nephritic denervation with old intervention or to the other group: to keep old intervention entirely ( command group ) . The ratio for patients holding option 1 compared to option 2 was 1:1. The test included 24 take parting centres.A ( SYMPLICITY HTN-2 INVESTIGATORS et Al, 2010 ) 106 of the 190 patients ( this is tantamount to 56 % of the entire patients ) screened for eligibility were indiscriminately allocated to two different groups. The first group were the patients who were to have nephritic denervation, 52 patients were put here. The 2nd group was the control group, there were 54 patients put here. This happened between the day of the months June 2009 and January 2010. 49 of 52 patients who underwent the nephritic denervation were assessed after 6 months after the start of the test. 51 out of 54 patients who were in the control group were besides assessed after 6 months. In the nephritic denervation group, the blood force per unit areas were reduced by 32/12 mmaˆ?Hg, holding had a baseline of 178/96 mmaˆ?Hg, P & lt ; 0A ·0001. On the other manus, the blood force per unit area measurings in the control group were non different to the baseline blood force per unit areas, alteration of 1/0 mmaˆ?Hg, baseline being 178/97 mmaˆ?Hg. ( SYMPLIC ITY HTN-2 INVESTIGATORS et Al, 2010 ) The differences in both groups in footings of blood force per unit area at 6 months were hence 33/11 mmaˆ?Hg ( p & lt ; 0A ·0001 ) . The P value here is highly important, back uping grounds for this therapy. The happening of any inauspicious events was non different between the two groups. Overall, there were no studies about any serious procedure-related/device-related complications. It was evaluated that catheter-based nephritic denervation can well cut down blood force per unit area in patients with treatment-resistant hypertensive and can be used safely whilst making this. ( SYMPLICITY HTN-2 INVESTIGATORS et Al, 2010 ) REVIEWS ON THIS NEEDED BP VACCINE 500 words In carnal theoretical accounts, inoculation against renin has been shown to be effectual but has resulted in quite fatal autoimmune nephritic disease. Vaccines directed at angiotonin I and II and a section of the angiotonin 1 receptor did cut down blood force per unit area ( BP ) without doing autoimmune disease. In worlds, angiotonin I vaccination did non really cut down BP. ( GRADMAN et al, 2008 ) In the last twosome of old ages at that place has been some new grounds that a new blood force per unit area vaccinum could assist lower blood force per unit area. CYT-006-AngQb is a vaccinum in which a peptide derived from the angiotonin II molecule conjugates to the surface of virus-like atoms. ( PHISITKUL et al, 2009 ) The vaccinum was designed to assist dainty patients who suffered with high blood pressure. The vaccinum has the benefit of holding a comparatively durable consequence and therefore does non necessitate day-to-day dosing in comparing with pharmacological therapies. It was found that in hypertensive rat theoretical accounts, the vaccinum induced angiotensin-II-specific antibodies and decreased systolic blood force per unit area. This seems to be the method of how the vaccinum works. It is basically made up of a peptide which is derived from the Air National Guard II molecule, and this is so conjugated to the surface of virus like atoms. ( PHISITKUL et al, 2009 ) Presently, high blood pressure can be controlled sufficiently with bing drugs such as ACE inhibitors/angiotensin II receptor blockers. However, intervention success is often restricted by patients who do non adhere to intervention. Immunisation against angiotonin II could work out this job. A celebrated survey was published in the Lancet merely over 2 old ages ago and it investigated the efficaciousness and safety of CYT006-AngQb. This is a vaccinum that is based on a virus-like atom ; the vaccinum marks angiotensin II in order to seek and cut down ambulatory blood force per unit area. ( TISSOT et al, 2008 ) The test was a placebo-controlled randomized â€Å" stage IIa † test. It consisted of 72 patients who suffered from mild-to-moderate high blood pressure. They were all were indiscriminately assigned to have injections of one of the undermentioned doses: 100 I?g of CYT006-AngQb, 300 I?g CYT006-AngQb or placebo. There were patients in each of the 3 groups. They were given their dosage at 3 different intervals ( hebdomads 0, 4, and 12 ) . Twenty four hr ambulatory blood force per unit area was measured twice, one time before intervention and so at hebdomad 14.A The reading was as follows: immunization with CYT006-AngQb vaccinum was linked with no serious inauspicious events which was assuring. In peculiar, the 300 I?g dosage decreased blood force per unit area in patients who had mild-to-moderate high blood pressure during the daylight ( chiefly in the early forenoon ) . ( TISSOT et al, 2008 ) This new vaccinum inhibits the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system ( RAAS ) . This has made many clinicians question whether it is safe suppressing the actions of angiotonin II for several months? Some surveies have argued that suppression of the renin- angiotensin- aldosterone system could be unsafe as the suppression could do salt and volume depletion and hence dangerous hyperkalaemia. a farther of import safety issue would be whether perennial stimulation of the immune system by supporter doses of a peptide could can do autoimmune disease ( SAMUELSSON et al, 2008 ) Although there are many inquiries remain sing efficaciousness and safety, RAAS immunisation represents a really advanced attack to anti hypertensive intervention. ( GRADMAN et, 2008 ) Given the mechanism of the vaccinum CYT-006-AngQb, and the first-class potency of complementing other high blood pressure interventions, success in ongoing stage II tests in patients with high blood pressure would do this therapy a valuable add-on for advisers handling hypertensive patients. ( PHISITKUL et al, 2009 ) Current intervention: 500 words Presently a broad scope of drugs are available for patients who suffer from high blood pressure. The chief 1s include water pills, sympathomimetic receptor adversaries, sympathomimetic receptor agonists, ca impart blockers, ACE inhibitors, Angiotensin II receptor adversaries and aldosterone adversaries. The chief diuretic most normally used in clinical practise isA bendroflumethiazide, which is a thiazide water pill. Other thiazide water pills include: Diuril, Microzide and epitizide. Loop water pills include: butmetanide, ethacrynic acid, Lasix and torsemide. Thiazide like water pills include: Hygroton, Lozal and metolazone. In add-on, there are besides potassium saving water pills which include amiloride, triamterene and Aldactone. Adrenergic receptor adversaries include foremost alpha blockers, secondly beta blockers and eventually assorted alpha and beta blockers. Examples of alpha blockers include Minipress, A Hytrin, Cardura, tolazoline, trimazosin, Vasomax, indoramin and phenoxybenzamine. Some illustrations of beta blockers include: Sectral, Tenormin, bisoprolol, Lopressor, oxprenolol, Visken, propanaolol, sotalol, and Blocadren. Assorted alpha and beta blockers include bucindolol, carvedilol and lebetalol. Alpha blockers tend to be non recommended as first line intervention for high blood pressure. Alpha-2 agonists include Catapres, alpha methyl dopa and guanfacine. Calcium channel adversaries include amlodipine, diltiazem, felodipine, isradipine, lacidipine, lercanidipine, nicardipine, nifedipine, nisoldipine, and Calan. Examples of ACE inhibitors are: Capoten, cilazapril, Vasotec, fisinopril, Prinival, perindopril, quinapril, Altace, and Mavik. There are assorted angiotensin II receptor adversaries including: candesartan, eprosartan, irbesartan, losartan, olmesartan, telmisartan and Diovan. Finally, aldosterone adversaries include eplerenone and Aldactone. Talk ABOUT DIFFERENT CLASSES AND NICE GUIDELINES. Conformity + attachment to intervention: In footings of conformity to anti hypertensive medicine, there are some rather lurid figures. It has been stated that the bulk of over 1 billion hypertensive patients around the universe really remain with uncontrolled blood force per unit area. Furthermore, among existent hypertensive patients who do have anti hypertensive intervention, at least half of them fail to make presently recommended blood force per unit area marks ( in most states ) . ( GUPTA et al, 2010 ) It has been estimated that about 30 per centum of the grownup population in the United Kingdom are hypertensive, with their blood force per unit areas being over 140/90A millimeters Hg. It is either over 140/90 millimeters Hg or they are on blood force per unit area take downing medication.A Apparently, over half of hypertensives in the United Kingdom are non even on any intervention, and in add-on about half ( possibly even more ) of the people who are on the anti hypertensive intervention have blood force per unit areas over the existent threshold, 140 over 90A millimeters Hg. WHO ( World Health Organization ) estimates that about 50 to 70 % of patients do non take their antihypertensive medicine, and has described poor/non attachment to anti hypertensive medicine as the most important cause of uncontrolled /poorly controlled blood force per unit area. ( MANT et al, 2006 ) A systematic reappraisal was done in 2004 of randomized controlled tests which had looked at attachment to medicine with regard to blood force per unit area control. It was found that in seven of the tests an betterment in attachment to medicine was really associated with a lessening in blood force per unit area. However in a farther seven tests, a lessening in blood force per unit area was achieved even though there had been no betterment in attachment. Although this demonstrates that attachment to medicine is n't the lone factor involved in good blood force per unit area control, it predicts that it is most likely the chief factor. ( SCHROEDER et al, 2004 ) It has been reported than in the USA merely thirty five per centum of patients who suffer from high blood pressure have achieved equal blood force per unit area control. Unfortunately, non-compliance is one of the main barriers to intervention of high blood pressure. Vaccines against high blood pressure, injected every 4 – 6 months, can to an extent combat non-compliance. ( DO et al, 2010 ) High blood pressure unfortunately remains uncontrolled in over 50 % of treated patients. Some of the barriers which prevent good high blood pressure control include those that are physician-related, patient centred and all those related to the wellness system. The designation of uncontrolled high blood pressure and immune high blood pressure require good attending to accurate blood force per unit area measuring. Awareness of lifestyle factors, secondary causes of high blood pressure and right intervention are all important to designation of uncontrolled high blood force per unit area and immune high blood pressure. ( WOFFORD et al, 2009 ) There was a really interesting paper published last twelvemonth which looked at aged patients and conformity to anti hypertensive medicines. It was shown that up to a 3rd of aged hypertensive patients do non adhere to their medicine. Attachment to these medicines lessenings with increasing age, and besides with diminishing cognitive ability. Therefore more aged patients who are besides cognitively-impaired have poorer control of their blood force per unit area. Good control of blood force per unit area has been associated with reduced prevalence of both Alzheimer ‘s disease and dementedness, hence it is imperative that this category of the population is carefully monitored with regard to conformity to medicine. ( GARD et al, 2010 ) Decision In decision, the intervention of high blood force per unit area is more or less based on both drug therapy and lifestyle intercessions. Both of these things require patient attachment to be effectual. Unfortunately hapless conformity is seen in both of these attacks ; this is the chief ground for deficient blood force per unit area control. ( SAMUELSSON et al, 2008 ) Electrical field stimulation of carotid fistula baroreflex sensory nerves will acutely diminish arterial blood force per unit area in some patients who have treatment-resistant arterial high blood pressure or who are antihypertensive drugs. The stimulation will go forth the existent baroreflex map undisturbed. ( HEUSSER et al, 2010 ) This surgically deep-rooted Rheos device ( which electrically stimulates the carotid baroreflex system ) can be placed safely in a patient and will bring forth rather a important acute lessening in blood force per unit area without any major side effects. ( ILLIG et al, 2006 ) The catheter-based nephritic sympathetic denervation in add-on to standard pharmacologic therapy has shown to diminish high blood force per unit area values by a high magnitude ; this is likely to be priceless in diminishing the hazards of shot, bosom failure, shot and chronic renal failure which are all major slayers in the United Kingdom. ( Katholi et al, 2009 ) If inoculation against high blood force per unit area was both safe and effectual in the hereafter, it would perchance work out many jobs of non-compliance and non attachment to medicine. The test published in 2008 in the Lancet was true rather little and the writers even say themselves that more big graduated table surveies need to be carried out in order to demo the safety and efficaciousness of antibodies against angiotonin II in patients with high blood force per unit area. However, the consequences of this new vaccinum are really promising, and inoculation for high blood pressure may turn out to be really positive in many patients. ( HERLITZ et al, 2008 ) In decision, the three new drug therapies that I have talked about all have great possible ; hopefully they will all go successful therapies for future intervention immune hypertensive patients.